CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT

1. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT Insect is a six legged arthropod. Phylum : Arthropoda (with several classes) Class: Insecta (Hexapoda)

2. Characters of class Insecta • Body is divided into three regions • In head a pair of antenna and a pair of compound eyes are usually present. • Thorax is the centre of locomotion with, 3 pairs of five jointed legs and two pairs of wings. • Excretion is mainly through malpighian tubules. • Tracheal system of respiration well developed. • Brain is divided into protocerebrum, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum.

3. Class Insecta

4. subclassApterygota order order order order Protura (Pro-first, Ura-tail) Thysanura - Silverfish (Thysan-fringedمهدب, Ura-tail) Collembola- Springtail (coll-glue; embol-pegوتد ) Diplura (Di-two; Ura-tail)

5. Sub-class Pterygota Division Endopterygota division Exopterygota

7. Class HexapodaOrder Collembola: Springtails • Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis. • شوكةFork-like springing structures. • Simple eyes. • Antennae. • Wingless adults. • Difference betweennymphs andadults is size. • Feed ondecomposingmaterials.

8. Order Protura: Proturans • Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis. • No eyes. • No antennae. • Very small. • Wingless. • Differencebetweennymphs and adults is size. • Feed on decomposing materials.

9. Order Diplura: Diplurans • Ametabolous: simplemetamorphosis. • Two caudal filaments. • Compound eyes. • Antennae. • Wingless adults. • Difference between nymphs and adults is size. • Feed on decomposing materials.

10. Order Thysanura: Silverfish • Ametabolous: simplemetamorphosis. • Three tail-likeappendages. • Body flattened andcovered with scales. • Wingless adults. • Differencebetween nymphsand adults is size. • Found in wet places.

11. Class HexapodaPterygota: Winged insects (Incomplete metamorphosis) Order Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Order Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies Order Plecoptera: Stoneflies

12. Order Ephemeroptera: Mayflies • Hemimetabolousmetamorphosis:simple, incomplete. • Winged adults live for a day. • 2-3 caudal filaments. • Nymphs and adults in different habitat. • Nymphs and adults different in appearance. • Aquatic nymphs with gills. • Indicate good water quality.

13. Order Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies • Hemimetabolous metamorphosis: simple, incomplete. • Toothed mandibles (chewing mouthparts). • Winged adults. • Nymphs and adults different in appearance. • Aquaticnymphs withgills. • Indicate goodwater quality.

14. Order Plecoptera: Stoneflies • Hemimetabolous metamorphosis:simple, incomplete. • Folded wings. • Chewing mouthparts. • Aquatic, gillednymphs. Adult (top) andNymph (bottom)

15. Class HexapodaPterygota: Winged insectsPaurometabolous: Gradual metamorphosis • Walkingsticks • Grasshoppers and crickets • Mantids • Cockroaches • Termites • Earwigs • Stoneflies • Lice • True Bugs • Cicadas, hoppers and aphids • Thrips

16. Order Phasmida: Walkingsticks • Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. • Winged adults. • Chewingmouthparts. • Nymphs andadults insame habitat. • Nymphs andadults similar in appearance.

17. Order Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets • Paurametabolousmetamorphosis:gradual. • Straight wings. • Winged adults. • Chewingmouthparts. • Nymphs andadults in same habitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Grasshoppers

18. Order Mantodea: Mantids • Paurametabolousmetamorphosis:gradual. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults insame habitat. • Nymphs and adultssimilar in appearance. Praying Mantis

19. Order Blattodea: Cockroaches • Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. • Winged adults. • Chewingmouthparts. • Nymphs andadults in samehabitat. • Nymphs andadults similar in appearance.

20. Order Isoptera: Termites • Paurametabolousmetamorphosis:gradual. • Equal wings. • Winged adults. • Chewingmouthparts. • Nymphs and adults in same habitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.

21. Order Dermaptera: Earwigs • Paurametabolousmetamorphosis: gradual. • Skin-like front wings. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults in samehabitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.

22. Order Phthiraptera (Mallophaga and Anoplura): Lice • Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. • Wingless adults. • Chewing or suckingmouthparts. • Nymphs and adultsin same habitat. • Nymphs and adultssimilar in appearance. Sucking Louse

23. Order Hemiptera: Heteroptera: True bugsHomoptera: cicadas, hoppers, aphids, psyllids, whiteflies, scales • Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. • Usually winged adults. • Sucking mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults in same habitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.

24. Order Hemiptera (Heteroptera): True bugs • Most bugs feed on plants. • Some are predaceous. Predaceous Stink Bug attacking caterpillar Four-lined Plant Bug

25. Order Hemiptera(Homoptera):Soft Scale Summer Male Summer Female and Crawlers Tuliptree Scale: Linden, walnut

26. Order Hemiptera (Homoptera):Armored Scale

27. Order Thysanoptera: Thrips • Paurametabolousmetamorphosis:gradual. • Fringe-winged. • Winged adults. • Nymphs and adultsin same habitat. • Nymphs and adultssimilar inappearance. Adult Nymph

28. Class HexapodaPterygota: Winged insectsHolometabolous: Complete metamorphosis • Lacewings • Beetles • Scorpionflies • Fleas • Flies • Caddisflies • Moths and butterflies • Sawflies, wasps, and bees Forest Tent Caterpillars

29. Order Neuroptera: Alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies, snakeflies, lacewings, antlions Green Lacewing Adult (left) and Larva (right)

30. Order Neuroptera: Alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies, snakeflies, lacewings, antlions • Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. • Nerve-winged. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Larvae and adults sometimes in same habitat. • Some larvae are aquatic. • Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.

31. Order Coleoptera: Beetles Scarab Larva (below) Japanese Beetle Adult

32. Order Coleoptera: Beetles • Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. • Hardened forewings (elytra). • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Larvae and adults in same habitat. • Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.

33. Order Mecoptera: Scorpionflies • Holometabolousmetamorphosis:complete. • Long wings. • Winged adults. • Larvae and pupaesometimes found in soil. • Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.

34. Order Siphonoptera: Fleas • Holometabolousmetamorphosis:complete. • Wingless adults. • Sucking mouthparts. • Larvae and adultsnot similar in appearance. • Often pests of mammals.

35. Order Diptera: Flies Fly Larva (maggot) Tachinid Fly Adult

36. Order Diptera: Flies • Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. • Winged adults. • 2nd pair of wings are halteres. • Larvae and adults often in same habitat. • Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. • Some spread diseases to humans and livestock. • Some are parasitoids.

37. Order Trichoptera: Caddisflies • Holometabolousmetamorphosis:complete. • Winged adults. • Aquatic larvaeconstruct and livein tubes. • Larvae and adultsnot similar inappearance. • Indicators of waterquality. Caddisfly Adult Larvae

38. Order Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies Adult Cankerworm Larvae

39. Order Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies • Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. • Winged adults. • Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. • Most larvae feed on plant tissue. • Many moths are pests; most butterflies are not.

40. Order Hymenoptera: Sawflies, wasps, bees, ants Larvae Sawfly Adults

41. Order Hymenoptera: Sawflies, wasps, bees, ants • Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. • Membranous wings. • Winged adults. • Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. • Sawflies are phytophagous. • Some wasps are parasitoids. • Many wasps, bees, and all ants are social.