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Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems Architecture

Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems Architecture. Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems Architecture. Automated Computation Computer Capabilities Computer Hardware Computer System Classes The Role of Software Economics of System and Application Development Software Computer Networks.

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Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems Architecture

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  1. Chapter 2Introduction toSystems Architecture

  2. Chapter 2Introduction toSystems Architecture Automated Computation Computer Capabilities Computer Hardware Computer System Classes The Role of Software Economics of System and Application Development Software Computer Networks

  3. Chapter Goals • Discuss the development of automated computing • Describe the general capabilities of a computer • Describe computer system components and their functions • List computer system classes and their distinguishing characteristics • Define the role and function of application and system software • Describe the economic role of system and application development software • Describe the components and functions of computer networks

  4. Systems Architecture • Describes structure, interaction, and technology of computer system components • Capabilities of a computer • Accept numeric inputs • Perform computational functions • Communicate results

  5. Automated Computation • Mechanical • Early computers with limited capabilities • Electronic • Fast, accurate, reliable • Optical • Fast, accurate, reliable

  6. Mechanical Implementation • Mechanical representation of a mathematical calculation • Limitations and shortcomings • Complex design and construction • Wear, breakdown, and maintenance of parts • Limits on operating speed

  7. TheDifference Engine1821Charles Babbage

  8. Electronic Implementation • Stores numerical values as magnetic charges or by positioning electrical switches • Can convert physical movement into electrical signals, or vice versa • World War II – impetus for change • Faster, more reliable, easier to build than mechanical counterparts

  9. Optical Implementation • Harnesses energy of a moving photon • Represents data as pulses of light stored directly or indirectly by materials that reflect or don’t reflect light • Now common in computer networks that cover large distances

  10. Quantum Computing • A new kind of computing based on quantum mechanics • Somewhat controversial • Not yet shown to be usable

  11. Computer Capabilities • Processing • Storage • Communication

  12. Processor Device that performs data manipulation and transformation functions Computation Comparison Data movement memory mass storage input/output devices

  13. Processor Terminology • Instructions • Programs • Processor types • General-purpose • Special-purpose • Formulas and algorithms • Comparisons and branching

  14. A Formulaic Program 10 INPUT QUANTITY_SOLD 20 INPUT SELLING_PRICE 30 INTERMEDIATE_RESULT = QUANTITY_SOLD * SELLING_PRICE 40 GROSS_PROFIT = INTERMEDIATE_RESULT – SELLING_EXPENSES 50 OUTPUT GROSS PROFIT 60 END

  15. An Algorithmic Program 10 INPUT INCOME 20 IF INCOME > 7150 THEN GOTO 50 30 TAX = INCOME * 0.10 40 GOTO 180 50 IF INCOME > 29050 THEN GOTO 80 60 TAX = 715.00 + ((INCOME – 7150) * 0.15) 70 GOTO 180 80 IF INCOME > 29050 THEN GOTO 110 90 TAX = 4000.00 + ((INCOME – 29050) * 0.25) 100 GOTO 180 110 IF INCOME > 70350 THEN GOTO 140 120 TAX = 14325.00 + ((INCOME – 70350) * 0.28) 130 GOTO 180 140 IF INCOME > 319100 THEN GOTO 170 150 TAX = 35717.00 + ((INCOME – 146750) * 0.33) 160 GOTO 180 170 TAX = 92592.50 + ((INCOME – 319100) * 0.35) 180 OUTPUT TAX 190 END

  16. Storage Capacity • Types of information to be stored • Intermediate processing results • Data • Programs • Characteristics of storage devices vary widely • Cost • Access speed • Reliability

  17. Input/Output Capability Must encompass many communication modes For humans: Sound, text, and graphics For other computers: Electronic or optical communication

  18. The Primary Functionsof Computer Hardware

  19. Components ofa Computer System

  20. Central Processing Unit • General-purpose processor • Executes all instructions • computation functions • comparison functions • Directs all data movement

  21. Components ofThe Central Processing Unit

  22. CPU Components

  23. System Bus • Internal communication channel that connects all other hardware devices • Primary pathway for moving data and instructions among hardware components • Capacity is critical to performance, secondary storage, and I/O device performance

  24. Primary Storage(Main Memory) • Holds program instructions and data for currently executing programs • Implemented with random access memory (RAM) • Provides access speed and allows CPU to read or write to specific memory locations • Volatile; does not provide permanent storage

  25. Secondary Storage • Composed of high-capacity nonvolatile storage devices that hold: • Programs not currently being executed • Data not needed by currently executing programs • Data needed by currently executing programs that does not fit within available primary storage

  26. Comparison of Storage Types

  27. Input/Output Devices • Implement external communication functions • Human-oriented communication devices(e.g., keyboard, mouse, printer) • Computer-oriented communication devices(e.g., modem, network interface unit)

  28. Computer System Classes

  29. Multicomputer Configurations • Any organization of multiple computers to support a specific set of services or applications • Common configurations • Cluster • Blade • Grid

  30. Cluster • Group of similar or identical computers that cooperate to provide services or execute a common application • Connected by high-speed network • Typically located close to one another • Advantages: scalability and fault tolerance • Disadvantages: complex configuration and administration

  31. Blade • Circuit board that contains most of a server computer; a specialized cluster • Same advantages and disadvantages as a cluster, but also: • Concentrate more computing power in less space • Are simpler to modify

  32. Grid • Group of dissimilar computer systems, connected by high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or execute a common application • Computers may be in separate rooms, buildings, or continents • Computers work cooperatively at some times, independently at others

  33. Bigger Isn’t Always Better • Grosch’s Law (1952) has been rewritten due to: • Multiple classes of computers • Expanded abilities to configure computers for specific purposes • Increased software costs relative to hardware costs • Large computer databases • Widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces • Multicomputer configurations

  34. Business Computer Options“Do We Need A Mainframe?” • A business finds that its old IBM RS/6000 S70 Midrange computer is overloaded with work. The problem needs to be solved. • Options: • 1: Purchase more RS/6000 systems, used, since they are no longer made • 2: Upgrade to IBM’s latest mainframes, the pSeries 670 or 69 systems • 3: Develop a scalable hardware platform • IBM blade servers • a cluster of IBM midrange systems

  35. The Role of Software • Translates user requests into machine instructions • Performs complex translation process that bridges two gaps • Human language to machine language (binary) • High-level abstraction to low-level detail

  36. The Role of Software

  37. Software Types

  38. System Layers

  39. System Software Layers

  40. Software/Hardware Layers

  41. Operating Systems • Most important system software component • Collection of utility programs that provides: • Administrative utilities • Utility services to application programs • Resource allocation functions • Direct control over hardware

  42. Operating System Functions • Program storage, loading, and execution • File manipulation and access • Secondary storage management • Network and interactive user interfaces

  43. Application Development Software • Programs used to develop other programs • Types • Program translators • Program editors • Debugging tools • System development tools

  44. Economics of System and Application Development Software • System software consumes hardware resources • Cost per unit of computing power has rapidly decreased • Software is more cost-effective when reused many times

  45. The Relative Cost ofHardware vs. Software

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