Paragraph Development by Classification

1. Paragraph Development by Classification Paragraph development by classification helps us sort out information about a subject into logically related categories according to some specifically shared quality. Through classification, the most prominent aspects of a subject come more sharply into focus and the dominant ideas become easier for readers to understand.

2. Sample The term “post-secondary education” takes on a complex meaning in the United States. Our concern here is with institutions of higher education ― those organizations whose major functions are to educate and to award degrees. There are five categories of institutions of higher education: Doctoral-level institutions include the large research universities and other universities with strong Ph.D. programs; Comprehensive institutions offer several programs but (usually) no degree higher than a master’s; General baccalaureate institutions are mostly small colleges whose liberal arts program dominates the curriculum; Specialized institutions consist of theological seminaries, (To be continued on next page.)

3. Sample medical schools, business colleges, and other institutions which specialize in a single field of study; Two-year institutions, whose historic term is ‘Junior College,’ are now mainly associated with those 2-year community colleges founded during the last generation. The total number of U.S. institutions of higher education is, at last count, 3,280. This figure represents only accredited institutions ― that is, those recognized by agencies which set standards for university study. Exercises

4. EXERCISES Exercise 16 Exercise 17

5. Ex. 16 Read the following paragraph and answer the questions after it.

6. For many people considering higher education, it is a challenge just to sort through the different kinds of educational programs available for adults. Vocational or technical schools are for people who want to get to work right away in a technical or service-oriented field such as nursing, electronics, automotive service and repair, dental or medical assisting. A communitycollege can offer courses in these fields as well but can also provide students with courses in the variety of academic disciplines necessary to obtain an AA, or associate’s degree. An undergraduatecollege usually offers a large variety of courses in various academic disciplines for students who want to obtain a BA or BS (bachelor’s degree). And a university education can provide students with bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees.

7. 1. How many types does this paragraph divide the higher learning institutions into? What are they? 2. What is the similarity between a technical school and a community college? 3. What is the difference between an undergraduate college and a university? 4. If you want to be a computer technician, where should you take the courses? 5. If you want to learn an MBA program, where should you be educated? Key

8. 1. Four. They are vocational or technical schools, community colleges, undergraduate colleges and universities. 2. Both offer courses in technical or service-oriented fields. 3. An undergraduate college offers BA or BS programs while a university can offer programs for bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees. 4. At a technical school or a community college. 5. At a university.

9. Ex. 17 Write a paragraph on one of the following topics, using classification to form logically related categories. 1. Types of E-mail. 2. University courses ― basic courses and specialized courses. Reference Reference

10. As more and more people take advantages of e-mailing, three categories of e-mail have emerged. One category of e-mail is junk mail. When most people sign on to their computers, they are greeted with a flood of get-rich-quick schemes, invitations to commercial websites, and ads for a variety of unwanted products. E-mail users quickly become good at hitting the “delete” button to get rid of this garbage. The second category that fills up most people’s electronic mailbox is forwarded mail, most of which also gets deleted without being read. The third and best category of e-mail is genuine personal e-mail from genuine personal friends. Getting such real, thoughtful e-mail can almost make up for the irritation of the other two categories.

11. Public Announcement A public announcement is issused by a state agency or an organization to make an act known publicly. The content of such an announcement concerns the public interests.

12. Sample AGAINST WAR AND VIOLENCE Sunday 8 August 2002  To mark the 56th anniversary of the Hiroshima, Nagasaki bombings, join the international peace march.  PROGRAM ·         10 AM: Departure from the St Marie Church ·         12 AM: Arrival at the Central Park ― a reading of the “Abolition 2002” manifesto signed by 1000 organizations throughout the world ― a reading of “Manifesto 2002” signed by a group of Nobel Prize winners (To be continued on next page.)

13. Sample ·         12.30 AM: Meal the Central Park (bring a picnic) ·         2 PM to 5 PM ― afternoon activities: ― speeches ― poetry and text readings ― open stage ·         Everybody is welcome to participate.  Organized by : Movement for Peace 13 Square of Alicia Tel./Fax: 876-3954 Exercises

14. Ex. 18 Use the given data to write a public announcement on a peace march. You can model your writing on the abovePeace March Against War And Violence.

15. Activity: Candlelight Peace March Purpose: fight terrorism Time: Saturday, June 15, 2002, 7:00 p.m. March route: from the south corner of Olympic Boulevard to Western Avenue Activities: speeches by the Mayor and victims of the 9-11 attack. Organizer: the Terror-Free World Reference

16. Candlelight Peace March  To show people’s will to fight terrorism, join the candlelight peace march.  When: Saturday, June 15, 2002, 7:00 p.m.  Where: The march will be assembled in the parking lot at the south corner of Olympic Boulevard. It is anticipated that approximately 4,000 participants will be gathered for the march. They will proceed eastbound on Olympic Boulevard to Western Avenue. 

17. Speeches: Mayor Juan Smith and a few victims of the 9-11 attack will speak before the march proceeds. Organizer: The Terror-Free World.