Enlightenment in Europe

1. Enlightenment in Europe Chapter 20 Miss Isler World History I

2. Essential Question • How did European thinkers express new ideas?

3. Enlightenment • Brought ideas together from the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution • Belief in the use of reason and scientific method

4. Newton • Isaac Newton • Discovered the law of gravity • Owed his success to Kepler and Galileo- • Kepler- planet’s motion around the sun • Galileo- motion of pendulums and acceleration of balls rolling down a slope • Newton discovered that the same force ruled the motions of the planets, the rolling balls, the pendulum, and all matter on Earth. • Gravity= objects attract one another, depending on mass and distance

5. Philosophes • Philosophes- group of people who said people could apply reason to all aspects of life, just like Newton • Reason- absence of intolerance, prejudice • Nature- natural laws of economics, politics, motion • Happiness- happy if live by nature’s laws. Do not accept misery like before • Progress- because use science, humans can be perfect • Liberty- through reason, society could be free • If follow these- Enlightened

6. Voltaire • Real name Francois Marie Arouet • Hates Monarchy • Read John Locke- English Enlightenment writer • Emphasized reason and natural rights of humans • Mocked French ways in his writings • Candide- most famous, satiric novel, shows hypocrisy of religion, useless idea of optimism

7. Salons • Paris the cultural, intellectual center of Europe • Salons= social gatherings • Wealthy hostesses invited poets, charming conversationalists, etc. for conversation • Most famous hostess is Marie Therese Geoffrin • How Enlightenment thoughts spread

8. Diderot • Denis Diderot- creator of the Encyclopedia • Encyclopedia brought together all current and enlightened thinking on technology, science, mathematics, music, art, medicine, government, law, geography, etc. • Louis XV did not like the Encyclopedia (thought provoked too much thought), so banned further editions

9. Scientific Advancement • Fashionable to have scientific instruments in house- look through telescopes to stars • Discovery of Oxygen • Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity (or how to refine it) • James Cook of England charted the Pacific, Australia, Hawaii

10. Music • Baroque- “odd”, more ornate than art of the Renaissance • Baroque music shows drama and complexity • Johann Sebastian Bach • After Baroque, more classical, united melodies with sonatas • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Ludwig van Beethoven

11. Quick Write • How did European thinkers express new ideas?

12. Writers Advocated Liberty and Reason • Section 2 • Essential Question: What does it mean to be Free?

13. Adam Smith • Physiocrats- french economic theorists, governments should allow… • Free Trade- the flow of commerce in the world market without government regulation • Economy would prosper without government regulation • Wealth of Nations- free economy more prosperous • Law of self-interest • Law of competition • Law of supply and demand • Market economy- natural laws are free to operate, good produced at lowest price.

14. Montesquieu • Studied Rome- said fall was related to loss of political liberties • Britain best because governed by 3 groups: • Executive- king • Legislative- Parliament, law makers • Judicial- judges • Separation of powers • On the Spirit of Laws- says checks and balances is key to success of a government

15. Rousseau • Jean Jacques Rousseau- French • The Social Contract- “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.” • Best government was ruled with the consent of the people • Locke more conservative, Rousseau liberal because he believed people should be sovereign (dominant) and liberty and justice will survive in a state where the “general will” of the people was all powerful.

16. Quick Write • What does it mean to be Free?

17. Enlightened Despots sought Progress • Section 3 • Essential Question: What were the characteristics of an Enlightened Despot?

18. Enlightened Despotism • Enlightened Despots meant favoring religious tolerance, making economic and legal reforms, and justifying their rule by its usefulness to society rather than by divine right • Frederick II of Prussia • Catherine the Great of Russia

19. Frederick II of Prussia • Began war of Austrian Succession • Frederick the Great • Friends with Voltaire • Granted religious freedom to Catholics and Protestants, but discriminated against Polish and Prussian Jews • Reduced, but not abolish torture • Made his goal of his reign that he wanted to serve and strengthen his country • His attitude appealed to the philosophes

20. Catherine the Great of Russia • 1767- called nobles, free peasants, and townspeople to frame the constitution • Wanted to stop capital punishment, end torture, abolish serfdom • Never improved life of the peasants- by end of her reign, 95% of Russia’s people were serfs

21. Catherine expanded Russia’s land • Used war frequently- against philosophe’s ideas • Partition of Poland • Catherine’s Achievement-enlarged Russia by 200,000 square miles

22. Quick Write • Were Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the great Enlightened? • If so, how? • Why not?

23. Britain and America • Section 4 • Essential Question: What was unique about the British Government?

24. Britain and Democracy • Philosophes saw England’s government as most progressive • Glorious Revolution gave England a Constitutional Monarchy- power of the ruler is limited by the law • Great Britain= England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales • Development of the Cabinet- an executive committee that acted in the ruler’s name, but really represented the majority party in Parliament

25. Britain and the Prime Minister • George I and II were not English- never learned English. They needed help from Parliament to rule. Sir Robert Walpole helped, and he ushered in the Prime Minister- the ruler of the majority party in Parliament • Past Prime Ministers= • Pitt the Elder • Pitt the Younger • Duke of Wellington • Disraeli • Gladstone • Balfour • Asquith • Winston Churchill • Margaret Thatcher • Tony Blair • Gordon Brown- current

26. Britain’s Empire • 1763- Britain’s strongest colonial and naval power in Europe • Sugar trade from west indies most profitable • Canada largest part of the British empire • Colonies existed to enrich the lives of people back in England • Colonies could only sell their products to British companies- no one else

27. American Colonies • Stamp Act- colonies in America had to pay British to have stamps on letters, official documents, newspapers, everything important • Colonies had no representation in Parliament, so why were they taxes? • Colonies used Enlightenment ideals and realized- what the British were doing to them was not right!

28. Quick Write • Explain the British government system.

29. America’s Republic • Section 5 • Essential Questions: Why did America decide to fight for independence against the British?

30. Hostility • Stamp Act angered colonists • Boston Tea Party- tax on tea • 1st Continental Congress- wrote complaints to King George III- he did nothing • 2nd Continental Congress formed • Lexington and Concord- shot hear ‘round the world • 1/3 of colonists actually supported the war • Declaration of Independence 1776

31. Independence • Declaration signed 1776 • Based on Locke’s Enlightenment ideas that people had the right to rebel against an unjust ruler- happened in Glorious Revolution “We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed… with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” • Those who signed this document were considered to have committed treason- punishable by death

32. How America Won • Motivation • Guerilla Warfare- hit and run, behind trees, etc • Geography- fighting an oversea war was expensive • British general mediocre. George Washington (general of the Colonies’ Army) was fantastic • France- biggest reason for our winning

33. Articles • 1781- 13 colonies ratified a constitution- plan of government • Articles of Confederation- created a weak government deliberately. After being ruled so tightly under Britain, they didn’t want a strong government • Only stated Congress- no president

34. Constitutional Convention • 1787- wrote Constitution • Set up a federal system- power was divided between national and state governments “We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our prosterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. “

35. Bill of Rights • Constitution could not be passed by 9/13 of the states. Added the Bill of Rights in order to appease problems between the Federalists (supporters of the constitution) and the Anti-federalists (non-supports of the constitution) • Bill of Rights protests the rights of the individual citizens against a powerful central government (Anti-federalists thought government was already too central) • New government was a Republic in form, Democracy in principle.

36. Quick Write • Why did America decide to fight for independence against the British? • What were the 5 reasons for America’s success?