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Supreme Court Flashcards: The Rulings. The first slide features the ruling, the following slide identifies the case itself. Findings/Significance. Established the principle of judicial review.
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Supreme Court Flashcards: The Rulings The first slide features the ruling, the following slide identifies the case itself.
Findings/Significance • Established the principle of judicial review. • Strengthened the power of the judicial branch by giving the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.
Marbury v Madison (1803)
Findings/Significance • Confirmed the right of Congress to utilize implied powers to carry out its expressed powers. • Validated the supremacy of the national government over the states by declaring that states cannot interfere with or tax the legitimate activities of the federal government.
McCulloch v Maryland (1819)
Findings/Significance • Strengthened the power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce. • Established the commerce clause’s role as a key vehicle for the expansion of federal power.
Gibbons v Ogden (1824)
Findings/Significance • Struck down state-sponsored prayer in public schools. • Rules that the Regent’s prayer was an unconstitutional violation of the Establishment Clause.
Engel v Vitale (1962)
Findings/Significance • Struck down state funding for private religious schools. • Ruled that state aid to church-related school must meet three tests: a) the purpose of the aid must be secular, b) the govt’s action must neither help nor inhibit religion and c) the govt’s action must not foster an “excessive entanglement.
Lemon v Kurtzman (1971)
Findings/Significance • Banned polygamy. • Distinguished between religious beliefs that are protected by the Free Exercise Clause and religious practices that may be restricted • Rules that religious practices cannot make an act legal that would be otherwise illegal.
Reynolds v US (1879)
Findings/Significance • Banned the use of illegal drugs in religious ceremonies. • Ruled that the government can act when religious practices violate criminal laws.
Findings/Significance • Ruled that free speech could be limited when it presents a “clear and present danger…” • Established the “clear and present danger” test to define conditions under which public authorities can limit free speech.
Schenk v US (1919)
Findings/Significance • Ruled that public officials cannot win a suit for defamation unless the statement is made with “actual malice.” • Established the “actual malice” standard to promote “uninhibited, robust, and wide-open” public debate.
New York Times v Sullivan (1964)
Findings/Significance • Ruled that obscenity is not constitutionally protected free speech. • Created the “prevailing community standards” rule requiring a consideration of the work as a whole.
Roth v US (1951)
Findings/Significance • Protected some forms of symbolic speech. • Ruled that students do not “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.”
Tinker v Des Moines (1969)
Findings/Significance • Ruled that flag burning is a form of symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.
Texas v Johnson (1989)
Findings/Significance • Ruled that the Bill of Rights cannot be applied to the states.
Barron v Baltimore (1833)
Findings/Significance • Established precedent for the doctrine of selective incorporation, thus extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states.
Gitlow v New York (1925)
Findings/Significance • Established the exclusionary rule in federal cases. • Prohibited evidence obtained illegally from being admitted in court.
Weeks v US (1914)
Findings/Significance • Extended the exclusionary rule to the states. • Illustrated the process of selective incorporation through the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Mapp v Ohio (1961)
Findings/Significance • Ruled that the 6th Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws. • Illustrated the process of selective incorporation through the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Gideon v Wainwright (1963)
Findings/Significance • Ruled that the police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning suspects after arrest. • Required police to read the Miranda rules to criminal suspects.
Miranda v Arizona (1966)
Findings/Significance • Ruled that African Americans were not citizens and there fore could not petition the Supreme Court. • Overturned by the 14th Amendment.
Dred Scott v Sanford (1857)
Findings/Significance • Upheld Jim Crow desegregation by approving “separate but equal” public facilities for African Americans.
Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
Findings/Significance • Ruled that racially segregated school violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. • Reversed the principle of “separate but equal” from Plessey.
Brown v Board of Education I (1954)
Findings/Significance • Ordered the Medical School at UC Davis to admit Bakke. • Ruled that the medical school’s strict quota system denied Bakke the equal protection guaranteed by the 14th amendment. • Ruled that race could be used as one factor among others in the competition for available places.
Regents of the UC vs. Bakke (1978)
Findings/Significance • Upheld the affirmative action policy of the University of Michigan Law School. • Upheld the Bakke ruling that race could be a consideration in admissions policy but that quotas are illegal.
Grutter v Bollinger (2003)
Findings/Significance • Ruled that a Connecticut law criminalizing the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. • Established an important precedent for Roe v Wade.
Griswold v Connecticut (1965)
Findings/Significance • Ruled that a decision to obtain an abortion is protected by the right to privacy implied by the Bill of Rights.