Europe Looks to the Americas

1. Europe Looks to the Americas Section 2 Chapter 2

2. Focus Questions • Where did the Portuguese explore, and what were the outcomes of their voyages? • Who explored for Spain after Columbus, and what were the results? • How did the Columbian Exchange affect the world?

3. Early Explorations • King Manual of Portugal chose Vasco da Gama to lead an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope • In 1498 da Gama successful rounded the cape of Good Hope and reached southwestern India • The Portuguese then build an empire in forts in Africa, India, and China

4. Early Explorations • Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian explorer who reached the coast of South America with a Spanish expedition • A German mapmaker published a book with a large map and labeled the continents “America” because he was impressed with Vespuci’s writings

5. Early Explorations • Vasco Nunez de Balboa was Spanish explorer who discovered the “South” Sea (Pacific Ocean) for Europeans in 1513 • Balboa could not cross the rugged Panama terrain so he began to build ships but this was a threat to other Spanish colonies and in 1519 he was executed for treason

6. Sailing around the World • Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese sea captain who convinced Spanish officials to give him the money to sail around the world to the “South Sea” • Magellan set sail with his five ships in September of 1519 • Magellan moved to the southern tip of South America after a rough trip across the Atlantic • Magellan eventually found a strait, a narrow sea passage, that was very windy and difficult to navigate but the ships and crew would push through the strait that would eventually bear his name (Strait of Magellan)

7. Sailing around the World • The other side of side of the strait was calm water and the crew renamed it the Pacific Ocean • Magellan successfully navigated the crew to Asia and took them to the Philippines • Magellan was killed there while helping a filopino kingdom war against another

8. Sailing around the World • Juan Sebastian de Elcano led the crew home • Only one ship made it back and reached Spain in September of 1522 with only 18 crew left (out of 240) • The sale of the cloves paid for the entire trip and brought a great deal of profit to everyone involved • This crew was the first to circumnavigate, or sail around the Earth

9. A Shift in Trade • After this nations in western and northern Europe moved to making relations in Africa, the Americas, and India • Spain’s and Portugal’s trade with Asia and Africa grew • Portugal controlled as much as 75 percent of the spice trade • Many also began to see the Americas as a place where great natural resources existed

10. The Columbian Exchange • Explores transferred plants, animals, and diseases between the “Old World”– Europe, Asia, and Africa and the “New World” of the Americas • The transfer became known as the Columbian Exchange • European explores found many new species of plants and animals in the Americas and they brought plants and animals from Africa, Asia, Europe to the American continent • The diseases such as smallpox, measles, and typhus also devastated many Natives (the numbers that died are not know but are staggering)

11. Focus Questions • Where did the Portuguese explore, and what were the outcomes of their voyages? • Who explored for Spain after Columbus, and what were the results? • How did the Columbian Exchange affect the world?