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The Kiln

The Kiln. What is a Kiln?. A kiln is a furnace for firing clay. It includes two firings: one for bisque and one for glaze. It can be electric, wood, or gas powered. The Electric Kiln. The Gas Kiln. The Wood Kiln. What is firing?. The heating of clay or glaze to a specific temperature.

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The Kiln

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  1. The Kiln

  2. What is a Kiln? • A kiln is a furnace for firing clay. It includes two firings: one for bisque and one for glaze. It can be electric, wood, or gas powered.

  3. The Electric Kiln

  4. The Gas Kiln

  5. The Wood Kiln

  6. What is firing? • The heating of clay or glaze to a specific temperature. • The temperature at which the clay or glaze material melts is the FUSION POINT.

  7. Bisque Fire • Clay has been fired once, unglazed. The first firing of clay to drive out chemically combined water and carbonaceous materials prior to glazing. Glaze Fire • A cycle during which glaze materials are heated sufficiently to melt and form a glass surface coating when cooled.

  8. Oxidation Fire • A firing in which the kiln chamber retains a full supply of oxygen. Electric kilns are this type. Reduction Fire • A fire in which the supply of oxygen is inadequate to promote complete combustion. The carbon monoxide thus formed combines with the oxygen from cla and glazes, altering their colors.

  9. Oxidation vs. Reductionusing the same glaze Oxidation Reduction

  10. Why is the kiln firing temperatureimportant? • Kilns are fired at different temperatures, referred to as CONES. • Depending on your type of clay or glaze, your firing temperature may be different. It is important to always know what type of clay and glaze you are using – and they must be compatible.

  11. Why are they called CONES? • To operate the kiln and control the temperature, you used pyrometric cones. • Traditionally, firings used a 3-cone system. Firing Cone- cone temp recommended by manufacturer (6) Guide Cone- one cone number cooler than firing cone. (5) Guard Cone- one cone number hotter than firing cone. (7) • Today, most manual kilns are set up so that you only need to use the firing cone.

  12. Kiln Furniture • Refractory shelves, posts and other equipment placed into a kiln to hold ware during firing.

  13. Kiln Parts • INSULATING FIREBRICK: a refractory insulation brick lining the walls of the kiln. • ELEMENTS: high resistance wire coils or bars used as a heat source in an electric kiln.

  14. Kiln Gods

  15. What is a Kiln God? • A kiln god is meant to guard against any kind of bad luck that might befall any type of ceramics during firing. • It is entrusted with the duty of protecting the fragile ware from all types of harm.

  16. The Myth of FengHuoHsien • FengHuoHsien, “The Genius of the Fire Blast,” is a god who protects the kilns and potters of Jingdezhen, China • He lived as a potter named Tung Bun in Jingdezhen • He honorably sacrificed himself in the flames of a ceramic kiln in order to save the emperor’s huge ceramic vessels from firing imperfections. This act saved his fellow craftsmen from the unjust punishment they would have suffered because the emperor’s command for the production of the massive porcelain water jars was a task that was technically impossible to carry out.

  17. FengHuoHsien Dressed in the manner of a Taoist priest, FengHuoHsien presides over a court of eight other almost life-size kiln guardian attendants.

  18. Western Kiln Gods • Typically portrayed in the form of fanciful statues or mask-like shields with highly stylied features. • Usually spontaneously made by potters from wet clay just prior to a glaze firing. • Kept on the roof of a kiln just over the kiln door where they can protect the firing.

  19. God & Goddess Figurines From around the world

  20. Throughout history, cultures have used god/goddess or mythical figurines for various purposes – for example, to protect, heal, or bring good luck. • The following are examples from around the world.

  21. Prehistoric Female Figurine 23,000-21,000 BC Limestone Nude goddess figurine, late 8th-7th century BC, Tell el-Duweir, ceramic Anthropomorphic Figurine 20th-18th millennium BC Fired clay

  22. The Venus of Willendorf, 24,000–22,000 BCE Earliest images of the body made by humankind Idol, Second half of the 2nd millennium BC

  23. Egypt Egyptian God Bes, Protector of households, mothers, and childbirth Bone The Moon God Iah, holding the eye of Horus, Late Period, after 600 BC

  24. Harpokrates, Horus the Child Ideal Child/Power over dangerous creatures, Bronze Horus of Pe, performing ritual dance. God of the ancient capital of Nile Delta Bronze Isis and Horus, Goddess of the loyal wife and mother. Bronze

  25. Anubis Jackal-headed god associated with mummification and the afterlife Amun Chief Deity of Egyptian empire, Champion of the poor or troubled

  26. Oceana Akua Ka'ai, Stick God Used for private devotion Fisherman's God Ku-ka'ili-moku, The Hawaiian war god late 18th or early 19th century AD

  27. The Americas Capacocha figurine, gold Offerings to accompany human sacrifice Huastec goddess fertility Female Figure 12th–9th century b.c.Mexico

  28. Asia Brahma Hindu God of Creation Seated Buddha from Gandhara Shiva as Lingodbhava, stone The destroyer or transformer

  29. Padma Sambhava, gilt bronze The Lotus Born Sarvabuddhadakini, clay A Sky-walker, Tibet, 19th Cen AD Celestial females who possess supernatural powers Tara, copper Buddhist mother of liberation

  30. Bodhisattva Manjushri, painted wood Trancendant wisdom Vajrasattva, gilded bronze Student practitioner Shoulao, God of Longevity, Qing dynasty

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