1 / 20

Institutions and the Evolution of Collective Action

Institutions and the Evolution of Collective Action. Mark Lubell UC Davis. Defining Collective Action. Collective-action problem: Individual decision-making leads to socially undesirable (Pareto-inefficient) outcomes Cooperation: Adjusting behavior to minimize socially undesirable outcomes.

rayya
Download Presentation

Institutions and the Evolution of Collective Action

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Institutions and the Evolution of Collective Action Mark Lubell UC Davis

  2. Defining Collective Action • Collective-action problem: Individual decision-making leads to socially undesirable (Pareto-inefficient) outcomes • Cooperation: Adjusting behavior to minimize socially undesirable outcomes

  3. Tragedy of the Commons • Garrett Hardin (1968): “Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit—in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination towards which all men rush, each his own best interest in a society that believes in freedom of the commons.” “Mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon” • Flip side of resource use: Maintenance of ecosystems/public goods • Collective action problems are ubiquitous!

  4. From Global….

  5. To Local…

  6. To Local… Paper title: “My Identity as a White Female”

  7. Studying Collective Action Major Research Questions • Factors explaining cooperative behavior • Role of institutions (e.g., punish defection, reward cooperation) Theoretical • Philosophy • Game theory • Evolutionary game theory • Evolutionary simulations (This talk) Empirical • Field research (qualitative and quantitative) • Experimental research

  8. Prisoner’s Dilemma Conditions: T>R>P>S; 2R>T+S Nash equilibrium: Both players defect

  9. Collective Action Agents • Five “gene” strategies; 32 possible • Each gene determines behavior in current round on basis of outcome in last round <Nice (1st round), Reciprocal (CC), Sucker(CD), Forgive (DC), Protect (DD)> • Important Examples: All Cooperate <1,1,1,1,1> GRIM Trigger <1,1,0,0,0> PAVLOV(Win-stay, lose shift) <1,1,0,0,1> Tit-for-Tat <1,1,0,1,0>

  10. Structure of Simulation Generation 1: Randomly Select 40 Strategies Round Robin Tournament: Each strategy vs. itself and all others Next Generation: Survival of Fittest 1% Mutation Rate on Each Gene Proportional Fitness Reproduction: P(reproduction)= Fitnessi/Fitnessall Generation 5000 Generation 1

  11. A “Punishing” Experiment Design • Baseline 2-player repeated PD, with discount rate= .9 • Examine the effect of $2 punishment for defection, with increasing probability ranging from [0,1] in .10 increments • 10 runs of each experiment; 40 strategies, 5000 generations Hypotheses • Increasing levels of cooperation • Increased population stability • Shift in the population dynamics of cooperation

  12. Baseline: No Punishment

  13. Hobbes: Punishment p=1.0

  14. Mean Fitness Increases With Punishment Probability

  15. Gene Frequency: All Regimes

  16. Strategy Frequency: All Regimes

  17. Gene Frequency: Cooperative Regimes (Avg. Fitness>5.9)

  18. Strategy Frequency: Cooperative Regimes

  19. Some Correlations

  20. Conclusions • Punishment institutions increase cooperation and stability, even in noisy environment • As punishment increase, basis of cooperation shifts towards PAVLOV • Institutions change population dynamics of cooperation, even if same behaviors observed • Must square with observed human behavior; e.g.; resistance to coercion, reduced effectiveness of reciprocity in coercive environments

More Related