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CONDITIONS OF JOINTS

CONDITIONS OF JOINTS. Arthralgia Arthr / = joint + - algia = pain Pain in a joint Arthrosclerosis Arthr /o = joint + -sclerosis = abnormal hardening Stiffness in the joint Bursitis http://medicine.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/Knee-prepatellar-bursitis.jpg

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CONDITIONS OF JOINTS

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  1. CONDITIONS OF JOINTS • Arthralgia • Arthr/ = joint + -algia = pain • Pain in a joint • Arthrosclerosis • Arthr/o = joint + -sclerosis = abnormal hardening • Stiffness in the joint • Bursitis http://medicine.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/Knee-prepatellar-bursitis.jpg • Inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by repetitive movements (like typing or golf swing) Causes: Injury, illness, infection & allergic reaction to medicine.

  2. BursitisInflammation of a bursa caused by the repetitive movements like typing or golfing.

  3. CONDITIONS OF JOINTS CONT’D • Arthritis • arthr = joint + itis = inflammation • Inflammation of joints • Osteoarthritis(figure 3.20, p. 49) • oste/o = bone + arthr = joint + itis = inflammation • most commonly associated with aging • Rheumatoid Arthritis • rheumat/ = watery flow + oid = resembling; • Autoimmune disease where joints becomes swollen, painful, and immobile • Synovial membrane becomes inflamed & thickened • Usually occurs with hand and feet first; predominantly in women

  4. CONDITIONS OF JOINTS CONT’D • Gouty Arthritis • Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the joint; COMMON in MALES Usually Affects the big toe - HALLUX Increased risk: Overweight, drink too much alcohol, or eat too much meat and fish that are high in chemicals called purines. Some medicines, such as water pills (diuretics), can also bring on gout.

  5. SPINAL COLUMN DISORDERS • Herniated disk (aka – slipped disk) • Rupture of the disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots (figure 3.21, p. 49)

  6. Spina Bifida • Congenital defect that occurs early during pregnancy where the spinal canal fails to close around the spinal cord. May be caused by lack of folic acid. • Ankylosingspondylitis • Inflammation and stiffening of the vertebra (form of rheumatoid arthritis)

  7. CURVATURES OF THE SPINE Please look at figure 3.22, p. 50 Kyph / o = humpback Kyph /osis= condition of humpback http://medicine.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/thorax-kyphosis.JPG Lord / o = curve Lord /osis= condition of curve (or swayback), found in lower spine http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/LIF/LIF127/3D708006.jpg Scoli / o = crooked, bent http://www.bw.ctw.utwente.nl/research/projects/Scoliosis.doc/Scoliosis-1.gif Scoli /o/sis = condition of bent or crooked

  8. BONE CONDITIONS • Oste /o/ malacia • oste/o = bone + -malacia = softening • Bone softening due to disease – caused by lack of Vitamin D to help calcium and phosphorus enter bones • Rickets – osteomalacia occurring in children

  9. BONE CONDITIONS • Oste /o/ porosishttp://www.soylabs.com/img/osteoporosis.jpg • porosis = condition of pores/spaces • Decrease in bone density and increase in porosity; causes thinning and weakening of bones

  10. BONE CONDITIONS CONT’D • Oste /o/ myel / itis • Oste/o = bone + myel = bone marrow + -itis = inflammation • Inflammation of bone and bone marrow ` www.thachers.org/images/Chronic_osteomyelitis.JPG • Oste /o/ sarc / oma • sarc = flesh + -oma = tumor • Malignant tumor of bone and flesh

  11. FRACTURES • Greenstick – bone partially broken, breaks on one side and bends on the other, more common in children • Closed – bone broken, but no break in skinhttp://www.mybrokenleg.com/faq/glossary_files/greenstick_xray.jpg • Open (Compound) – bone fragment protruded through the skin (at some point in time)

  12. FRACTURES • Comminuted – bone is splintered or crushed in several places http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Left_clavicle.JPG/400px-Left_clavicle.JPG • Compression – several bones are compressed upon each other • Spiral – fracture where bone has been twisted apart due to a twisting motion http://www.jortho.org/2004/1/3/e2/index_files/image008.jpg • Stress – small crack in bone that develops from chronic (over time), excessive impact • Crepitus – crackling sensation that is felt and heard when the ends of a broken bone move together (sounds like rice krispies)

  13. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES • Arthr /o/ centesis – surgical puncture to remove synovial fluid from the joint http://www.clinicalcorrelations.org/wp-content/uploads/thumb-arthrocentesis.jpeg • Arthr /o/ scopy – visual examination inside a joint http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/brochure/images/cons1_39_33.jpg • Bone marrow biopsy – inserting a needle into the hipbone or sternum and removing bone marrow cells. Used to determine why bone marrow cells are abnormal and/or to find a bone marrow match for a bone marrow transplant.

  14. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES • Radiographs • Also known as x-rays. Used to visualize fractured bones • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Used to make an image of a soft tissue structure such as the interior of joints and spine http://www.siraonline.com/images/services/mri1294.jpg http://medpics.findlaw.com/imagescooked/93W.jpg

  15. TREATMENTS / PROCEDURES • Medications • Non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Example – Aspirin, Advil • Used to control pain and inflammation http://content.costco.com/Images/Content/Product/352037L.jpg • Acetaminophen (Tylenol) • Controls pain but does not reduce inflammation. Easier on stomach and does not thin blood like NSAIDS. http://www.asdk12.org/staff/johansen_annette/pages/Website%20Pics/tylenol_gelcaps.jpg

  16. TREATMENTS / PROCEDURES • Bone Marrow Transplant • also known as stem cell transplant • used to treat different types of cancers (such as leukemia and lymphoma) • First, both the cancer cells and patients bone marrow are destroyed with radiation and chemotherapy. • Then, healthy bone marrow cells are transfused into the patient’s blood. Cells move into spongy bone where they grow into cancer-free red bone marrow

  17. TREATMENTS / PROCEDURES • Artho /o/ plasty – surgical repair of a joint • Total knee replacement (figure 3.29, p. 55) • all of the parts of the knee were replaced. http://tc.engr.wisc.edu/UER/uer01/author1/figure3.jpg • Laminectomy • surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebra • Craniotomy (figure 3.30, p. 55) • surgical incision (opening) into the skull to gain access to part of the brain

  18. TREATMENTS / PROCEDURES • Manipulation (figure 3.31, p. 56) • Also known as “closed reduction” • Realignment of bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation. Affected bone returned to proper alignment and then a cast or splint applied. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/3/3a/250px-External_Fixator.JPG • External fixation (figure 3.32, p. 56) • Treatment of a fracture where pins are placed into the skin and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of the bone firmly in place. Appliance is removed after healing

  19. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES • Here are some career opportunities relating to the skeletal system: • Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) – respond to emergencies and can apply temporary splints • Paramedic (EMT-P) – an EMT with additional training, can give some medications (ex - pain relief) • Prosthetist – creates artificial body parts • Pedorthist – fits or creates orthopedic footwear • Podiatric Medical Assistant – assists Podiatrist • Orthopedic Assistant – works under physician, assists with x-rays, bandaging, casting, etc…

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