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Circulatory System; Blood Chapter 18, pg 679

Circulatory System; Blood Chapter 18, pg 679. Blood clot showing Red blood cells in a fibrin mesh. The basics, functions and properties. People have 4-6 L of blood Two components include Plasma: clear fluid Cells & Platelets Erythrocytes (RBCs) Leukocytes (WBCs)

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Circulatory System; Blood Chapter 18, pg 679

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  1. Circulatory System; BloodChapter 18, pg 679 Blood clot showing Red blood cells in a fibrin mesh

  2. The basics, functions and properties • People have 4-6 L of blood • Two components include • Plasma: clear fluid • Cells & Platelets • Erythrocytes (RBCs) • Leukocytes (WBCs) • Centrifuging blood separates the two parts • RBCs make up ~ 45% of volume, a number called the hematocrit • RBCs make blood 4xs as viscous as water

  3. Blood Components • This test tube shows the components of blood in their relative ratios. It shows a hematocrit of 45. The RBC layer together with the "buffy coat" layer make up 45% of the total volume of centrifuged blood (4.5 m. out of 10 ml). • hematocrit of a normal adult male : 47 adult female: 42

  4. Plasma • Serum: Like plasma but, without clotting proteins • Proteins of Plasma • Albumins: smallest & most abundant • Regulates osmotic pressure • Globulins: alpha, beta, and gamma • make up antibodies • Fibrogen: allows clotting • Nitrogenous wastes in plasma (urea) are excreted in the kidneys

  5. Erythrocytes (RBCs) • O2 & CO2 carrier • Determine bloodtype • Need to be resilient to get through capillaries • Hemoglobins make up 33% of the cytoplasm • Nucleus is lost during cell formation

  6. Qualities of Erythrocytes • RBC count (Hematocrit) tells how much O2 blood carries • Why women have lower hematocrits • Androgens stimulate RBC production • Menstrual loss • Inverse proportion to body fat • Males also clot faster. • What evolutionary significance might this have?

  7. Erythrocyte Disorders • Polycythemia: Excess RBC • Anemia: RBC Shortage • Sickle Cell: ~1.3 % of African Americans • Symptoms: aches in joints from clogged capillaries, some associated symptoms can be fatal

  8. Blood Types • Antigens on RBC surface allow antibodies to recognize what is and what is not us • ABO blood group is a multiple allele explanation of blood types

  9. The ABO Blood grizzoup

  10. Blood Compatibility • Agglutination happens when antibodies attack foreign RBCs • AB is called the universal recipient because it has no RBC antibodies • But the donors Antibodies can attack the recipients • Also one of the rarer blood types • O is the universal donor

  11. Rh Groups • Named for Rhesus Monkey • 3 genes, C, D, and E, each with two alleles • DD, or Dd have D antigens on RBCs, • Classified as Rh+ • Rh- lack D antigens • Combined with ABO group to get Blood types like A positive or B negative

  12. Rh Transfusion problems • If Rh- person recieves Rh+ blood • First one is okay, the body hasn’t made any Anti-D antibodies • Second one can cause problems • With fetuses with different Rh groups • The pregnancy is fine as long as there is no tearing of the placenta • Then the baby might be born with Hemolytic disease of the new born (HDN), a type of anemia

  13. Other Blood groups • ~100 others, and ~500 antigens • MN, Duffy, Kell, Kidd, and Lewis groups • Rarely cause transfusion problems • Useful in paternity cases

  14. Leukocytes • White blood cells • Have nuclei • Different types are noted by shape of nucleus • Grainy appearance when stained

  15. WBCs Neutrophils • Make up the largest % of WBCs • Releases antimicrobial chemicals • A high count is a sign of bacterial infection Lymphocytes • About 1/3 of WBCs • Fights foreign bodies • Secretes antibodies

  16. Leukemia • Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells. • body produces large numbers of abnormal WBCs • Symptoms • Fever, chills and other flu-like symptoms • Weakness and fatigue • Loss of appetite and/or weight • Swollen or tender lymph nodes, liver or spleen • Easy bleeding or bruising • Tiny red spots (called petechiae) under the skin • Swollen or bleeding gums • Sweating, especially at night • Bone or joint pain • Treatments • Chemotherapy • Radiation therapy • Antibody therapy • Bone Marrow Transplants Also a feline variant

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