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SOCIALISM. From Utopia to Reality. Patti Harrold, NBCT Edmond Memorial High School, OK apeuro@cox.net www.edmondschools.net/memharrold. Definition. Advocating public ownership of means of production, with work and products shared. Ideology. Wealth was concentrated in few hands
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SOCIALISM From Utopia to Reality Patti Harrold, NBCT Edmond Memorial High School, OK apeuro@cox.net www.edmondschools.net/memharrold
Definition • Advocating public ownership of means of production, with work and products shared
Ideology • Wealth was concentrated in few hands • Working class was deprived of what was rightfully theirs • Social mechanism had to be developed to justly distribute society's wealth
UTOPIAN SOCIALISM Robert Owen Count de Saint-Simon Charles Fourier Louis Blanc
Antediluvian Socialism • Before the flood of revolutions of 1848 • 1815 to 1848
Ideology • Endorsed productive capacity of industrialism • Denounced its mismanagement • Organized society as community, not competing individuals • End ruthless, capitalist individualism
Ideology • Society regarded its ideas as too idealistic with little practical application • Little political or social support • Failure of 1848-49 revolutions discredited Utopian Socialists
Robert Owen • 1771-1858 • England/Scotland • One of the first socialists and one of the first cotton lords • Became crusader for social reform
Robert Owen • Created model community for employees-New Lanark, Scot. • Paid high wages • Reduced working hours • Built schools, housing, & stores • Established New Harmony in Indiana (1825-1830)
Count de Saint-Simon • 1760-1825 • France • Social hierarchy based on productivity • Among first exponents of planned society
Count de Saint-Simon • Advocated public ownership of industrial equipment & other capital • Captains of industry would be in control • Captains plan and coordinate labor and resources of society
Charles Fourier • 1772-1837 • France • Dreamer (Schemer??) • Proposed that society be organized in small units (phalansteries)
Charles Fourier • Determined there were 810 distinct personality types • Phalanstery would contain 1,620 people (1 male/1 female each) • Each person would do the work suited to his/her natural inclination so crime would end
Louis Blanc • 1811-1882 • France • Journalist • Organization of Work (1830) one of the most constructive of early socialist writings
Louis Blanc • Proposed system of “social workshops” (state-supported manufacturing centers) • Workers work for themselves • No intervention of capitalists • Believed government should guarantee workers a job
CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM Charles Kingsley
Short-lived • 1848-1890s • England
Ideology • Industrial evils could be ended by following Christian principles • Tried to bridge gap between anti- religious drift of socialism and need for Christian social justice
Charles Kingsley • 1814-1875 • Best-known proponent • His writings exposed social evils of industrialism
SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM Karl Marx
Ideology • Created by Marx as primary ideology of protest & revolution • Communist philosophic system • Founded on inherent goodness of man • Rousseau-influenced position
Ideology • Men are corrupted by artificial institutions (states, churches, etc.) • History of humanity is history of class struggle (economics)
Ideology • The age of bourgeois domination of working class (proletariat) • Most severe and oppressive phase of struggle • Would lead to its own destruction
Ideology • The proletariat: • Needed to be educated • Would lead violent revolution & destroy institutions that perpetuate struggle & suppression of majority • Dictatorship of the proletariat would then occur
Ideology • Theory of Surplus Labor • True value of product was labor • Worker received small amount • Capitalist "stole" surplus labor (difference in price and workers’ pay)
Ideology • Dialectic Materialism • Hegel's dialectic was idea • Marxian dialectic was action • Driven by dynamics of materialism with classless society as synthesis
Karl Marx • 1818-1883 • German philosopher • Lived most of his adult life in London • Born to Jewish lawyer who had converted to Christianity
Karl Marx • Atheistic Marx studied philosophy at Univ. of Berlin before turning to journalism & economics • Read widely in French socialist thought • Shared many of Fourier’s views on marriage
Karl Marx • Wrote: • The Communist Manifesto (1848) • Critique of Political Economy (1859) • Das Kapital (1863-1864)
Karl Marx • His arguments • Put forth in scientific form • From extensive, accumulated data • Developed in persuasive rhetorical style
ANARCHISM William Godwin Auguste Blanqui Pierre Proudhon Michael Bakunin
Definition • Situation where there would be no property or authority • Attained through enlightened individualism • Emerged in early 19th century as consequence of Ind. Rev.
William Godwin • 1756-1836 • England • Married to Mary Wollstonecraft • Although once a minister, he became an atheist
William Godwin • Wrote The Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793) • Best-known work • Expounded his theories of philosophical anarchism
William Godwin • Convinced of • The individual perfection of human beings • Human being’s ability to reason • Found all forms of control from without unreasonable
Auguste Blanqui • 1805-1881 • France • Advocated terrorism to end capitalism and the state • Revolution achieved only with small cell of men leading it
Pierre Proudhon • 1809-1865 • France • Attacked principle of private property because it denied justice to common people
Pierre Proudhon • Wrote What is Property? (1840) • Stated that: • Change achieved through education • No violence necessary
Michael Bakunin • 1814-1876 • Russia • Violent, terrorist actions were necessary to move people to revolt against their oppressors
SYNDICALISM Georges Sorel
Ideology • Variation of anarchism • Anarcho-syndicalism • Direct economic actions to control industries • Strike & industrial sabotage frequently used by syndicalists
Georges Sorel • 1847-1922 • France • Supported Alfred Dreyfus • Accused of anarchism and convicted of treason • Influenced young Mussolini
REVISIONIST SOCIALISM Sidney & Beatrice Webb George Bernard Shaw Edward Bernstein Jean Jaures
Ideology • Reconsideration of Marxism began before Marx’s death • Revolutions not inevitable in bringing about socialist society • Democratic societies had mechanisms to gradually evolve socialism
Ideology • World revolution was not imminent and directable • Historical processes endured, difficult to redirect and reform
Fabians • British leftists • Said they were Marxists • But they differed from Marx • People • Sidney and Beatrice Webb (1859-1947) (1858-1943) • George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
Social Democratic Party (SPD) • Germany • Established as orthodox Marxism • Leader-Edward Bernstein (1850-1932) • Influenced by Fabians • In the 1890’s redirected SPD toward revisionism
French Section of the Working-Class International • France • Leader--Jean Jaures (1859-1914) • SFIO moderation led to developing acceptance of its ideas during tumultuous years of Dreyfus Affair
End of Orthodox Marxism • Orthodox Marxists denounced revisionist movement • By 1914 majority of socialists were revisionists willing to use democratic process to bring about their goals
SOCIALISM From Utopia to Reality Patti Harrold, NBCT Edmond Memorial High School, OK apeuro@cox.net www.edmondschools.net/memharrold