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Chapter 6 Urban America. 1865-1896. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Immigration 1 . Steerage- the most basic & cheapest accommodations on a steam ship. 2. Ellis Island - a tiny island in New York Harbor & main processing center for immigrants.
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Chapter 6Urban America 1865-1896
Immigration 1. Steerage- the most basic & cheapest accommodations on a steam ship. 2. Ellis Island- a tiny island in New York Harbor & main processing center for immigrants. 3. Angel Island- a processing center in California for Asian immigrants. 4. Nativism- an extreme dislike for foreigners by native-born people & a desire to limit immigration. 5. Chinese Exclusion Act- a law that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years & prevented the Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens.
B. In the late 1890s—a period known as the “new” immigration—more than half of all immigrants in the United States were from eastern and southern Europe. 2. Reasons for European Immigration a. Jobs b. Avoid religious persecution/harm c. Avoid military service
The voyage to the United States was often very difficult. • Most immigrants booked passage in steerage. • At the end of the 14-day journey, the passengers usually disembarked at Ellis Island.
Asian Immigration 3. Asian immigrants arrived on the West Coast, where they settled mainly in cities. 4. Reasons for Chinese immigration a. looking for gold b. to escape horrible living conditions in China (poverty & famine) c. Availability of jobs on the Railroad d. Taiping Rebellion
In January 1910, California opened a barracks on Angel Island for Asian immigrants.
C. Important Points • European immigrants settled in major cities: • New York • Chicago • Detroit • Milwaukee • Chinese immigrants took various jobs a. worked on the railroads b. laborers & servants c. skilled trade d. merchants
Feelings of nativism focused towards: Eastern Europeans, Jews, and Asians. 4. Fears Americans had towards immigrants: a. Catholic immigrants would try to dominate the mostly Protestant country & gov’t . (Freedom of religion would be lost) b. Immigrants would be willing to work for such little $, that the effectiveness of unions would be ruined.
5. In the West, Denis Kearney organized the Workingman’s Party of California in the 1870s to fight Chinese immigration. • In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. • The law was not repealed until 1943.
Urbanization A. Vocabulary 1. skyscraper- tall steel frame buildings. 2. tenement- dark and crowded multi-family apartments in cities. 3. political machine- an informal political group designed to gain and keep power. 4. party boss- individual who ran a political machine. (George Plunkitt, Willaim Tweed) 5. graft- getting money through dishonest or questionable means.
Key Points • Immigrants were making low wages, but overall their life improved. a. They were willing to work in factories, because they had no $ to buy a farm. b. They had no education. c. Cities did offer small luxuries: running water & modern plumbing. d. Cities also offered more entertainment.
Key Points Cont • Land was at a premium, causing the price of land to go up. • Result= many skyscrapers were built. 4. Congestion on streets leads to building of subway system.
5. City life encourages class system: a. Wealthy- live in luxurious parts of the cities. b. Middle- start moving to suburbs known as “street car suburbs”. c. Working- living in the tenements.
Urban Problems 1. Alcohol will contribute to crime. 2. Jacob Riis will write a book called How the Other Half Lives in it he accuses Saloons of “breeding poverty”. 3. Disease & pollution from sewage will cause epidemics like typhoid fever & cholera.
Machine Politics 1. Political machines and party bosses who promise people jobs, food, heat & police protection for votes. 2. Tammany Hall was New York City’s Democratic political machine and William “Boss” Tweed was its famous leader.
Provided jobs, housing, police protection, and other services. City Dwellers Political Bosses The city dwellers provided votes to the political bosses.
The Gilded Age A. Vocabulary • Gilded Age- name given to this era, because cities looked nice & polished on outside, but if you looked within city there was crime, poverty, and destruction. • Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest”, strongest member of society will rise to the top. 3. Gospel of Wealth- doctrine that said people should use their wealth to help others.
Philanthropy- using $ to help with society’s problems. • Realism- Art movement of this era, showed life as it was…not as it SHOULD be. • Pendleton Act- law required that some jobs be filled by competitive written examinations
A Changing Culture • Time in U.S. history that begins in 1870 and ends in 1900 is known as the Gilded Age. • Characteristics • New inventions • Rapid growth • Growing cities
A Changing Culture Cont. 3. Many people believed in individualism the idea that they could do what they wanted through hard work.
Social Darwinism • Herbert Spencer applied the work of Darwin to human society. • He believed that society progressed because only the fittest survived. 2. This became known as Social Darwinism - Industrial leaders agreed b/c they viewed themselves as the fittest and they deserved their wealth.
Social Darwinism 3. Carnegie supported this, but also thought that the wealthy who profited from society should give back. - this is known as philanthropy
Popular Culture • Industrialization provided more money for people to spend on entertainment. • In big cities, saloons played an important role for male workers. • People also enjoyed: • Amusements parks • Watching sports games
The Rebirth of Reform • Social Criticism • People began to debate how to handle society’s problems. • Sociologist (people who study group behavior) began to tweak Darwin’s ideas and believed it was cooperation not competition that helped people succeed.
3. Reform Darwinism-Felt gov’t should become more involved in solving society’s problems.
4. 2 main ideas were portrayed by writers at this time: a. Realism- argued that people could control their lives & make choices to improve their situation. b. Naturalism – writers who criticized industrial society, and suggested that some people failed in life due to circumstances they could not control.
HELPING THE URBAN POOR 1. Reformers began to organize to help the poor. a. Salvation Army b. YMCA c. Settlement houses Formed to help needy.
C. PUBLIC EDUCATION 1. Late 1880’s- increase of industry= a need for better-trained workers=need for more schools &colleges. 2. Schools offered Americanization- becoming knowledgeable about American culture & language. This helped immigrant children be successful.
Booker T. Washington started a crusade to get more education opportunities for African-Americans. 4. The grammar (grade) school system was established in cities & divided students into 8 separate grades to teach successful habits in the workplace.
The Rise of Segregation • The 15th Amendment prohibits states from denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Rise of Segregation 2. How did Southern States get around the 15th Amendment? - Poll tax $2 - Literacy Test - Grandfather Clause
Legalizing Segregation • In the North, African Americans were barred from public places. • In the South, they passed Jim Crow Laws that enforced discrimination.
Legalizing Segregation Cont. 3. Civil rights cases - 1883 Supreme Court overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875 by stating that a state could not deny a person protection under the law. Private organizations however could refuse service.
Plessy v. Ferguson (look at pg 251) - 1896 the Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal facilities such as the rail road car Homer Plessy was riding in was Constitutional. 4. Public facilities in the south were always separate after this court case, but were never equal.
