Part One

1. Warm-up Part One ENTER

2. Contents Warm-up I. Song：Heal the World II. Quotations on Human III. What’s Your View? 

3. I. Song: Heal the World There's a place in your heart And I know that it is love And this place could be much Brighter than tomorrow And if you really try You'll find there's no need to cry In this place you'll feel There's no hurt or sorrow There are ways to get there If you care enough for the living Make a little space Make a better place... To be continued on the next page.

4. I. Song: Heal the World Heal the world Make it a better place For you and for me And the entire human race There are people dying If you care enough for the living Make it a better place For you and for me If you want to know why There's love that cannot lie Love is strong It only cares of joyful giving If we try we shall see In this bliss we cannot feel Fear or dread We stop existing and start living To be continued on the next page.

5. I. Song: Heal the World Then it feels that always Love's enough for us growing So make a better world Make a better world... Heal the world Make it a better place For you and for me And the entire human race There are people dying If you care enough for the living Make a better place for you and for me W B T L E To be continued on the next page.

6. I. Song: Heal the World And the dream we were conceived in Will reveal a joyful face And the world we once believed in Will shine again in grace Then why do we keep strangling life Wound this earth, crucify its soul Though it's plain to see This world is heavenly Be god's glow We could fly so high Let our spirits never die In my heart I feel you are all my brothers Create a world with no fear Together we'll cry happy tears See the nations turn their swords into plowshares To be continued on the next page.

7. I. Song: Heal the World We could really get there If you cared enough for the living Make a little space To make a better place... Heal the world Make it a better place For you and for me And the entire human race There are people dying If you care enough for the living Make a better place for you and for me To be continued on the next page.

8. I. Song: Heal the World There are people dying If you care enough for the living Make a better place for you and for me... Heal the world we are living Save it for our children You and for me... The end of Song:Heal the World.

9. II. Quotations on Human We are perverse creatures and never satisfied. —Nan Fairbrother Modern man is the missing link between apes and human beings. —Author Unknown Such is the human race, often it seems a pity that Noah... didn't miss the boat. —Mark Twain To be continued on the next page.

10. II. Quotations on Human Only on paper has humanity yet achieved glory, beauty, truth, knowledge, virtue, and abiding love. —George Bernard Shaw Men! The only animal in the world to fear. —D.H. Lawrence Man—a creature made at the end of the week's work when God was tired. —Mark Twain The end of Quotations on Human.

11. III. What’s Your View? What’s your understanding of human race? Have you found any defect? Or nothing negative at all? The end of What’s Your View.

12. Warm-up Part One This is the end of Part One. Please click HOME to visit other parts.

13. Part Two Background Information ENTER

14. Background Information Contents • Author • Human Conscience • Attitudes Toward Conscience

15. Author Mark Twain (1835-1901) was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens in Florida, Missouri, but lived as a child in Hannibal, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. He took the pen name Mark Twain from the call of the pilots on the river steamers, which indicated that the water was twelve feet deep, a safe depth for a steamer. To be continued on the next page.

16. Author During his early years, he worked as a riverboat pilot, newspaper reporter, printer, and gold prospector. But then he turned to writing, and became one of the greatest of American writers. Although his popular image is as the author of such humorous works as The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. To be continued on the next page.

17. Author Twain had the other side that may have resulted from the bitter experiences of his life: financial failure and the death of his wife and daughters. His last writings are savage, satiric, and pessimistic. The present text is taken from Letters from the Earth, one of his later works. The end of Author.

18. Human Conscience Through conscience and its related notion, synderesis, human beings discern what is right and wrong. While there are many medieval views about the nature of conscience, most views regard human beings as capable of knowing in general what ought to be done and applying this knowledge through conscience to particular decisions about action. The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is, moreover, tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience. To be continued on the next page.

19. Human Conscience Neither Plato nor Aristotle explicitly mention conscience, however. It is their discussions of the virtues, practical wisdom, and weakness of will that form the critical backdrop to medieval discussions of conscience. These discussions were heavily influenced by Augustine’s modification of these classical authors. For example, Augustine championed Plato’s notion of the unity of the virtues, but he argued that love of God provided the unity to them. Moreover, he claimed that what pagan authors regarded as virtues were in fact vices unless they were developed for the love of God. To be continued on the next page.

20. Human Conscience Aristotle’s conscience can be defined as possessing three distinct characteristics. Firstly, the conscience is intrinsic, although to varying degrees between individuals. Secondly, the conscience is imperfect. Lastly, the conscience is a source of good in the world. Stringing these elements together, a working definition of the conscience can be constructed as follows: The conscience is an innate sense of right and wrong that functions for social betterment. To be continued on the next page.

21. Human Conscience As this definition takes into account only one perspective, it can hardly be considered adequate. Henry David Thoreau provides an excellent opportunity to expand it. In his essay entitled Civil Disobedience, Thoreau defines two primary characteristics of the conscience, although in a different light from Aristotle. While both examine conscience in terms of a functional government, Thoreau takes a more idealistic approach. To be continued on the next page.

22. Human Conscience Given that the conscience is intrinsic, imperfect, beneficial, imperative, rare, punitive, and rigid, the conclusive definition might be constructed as follows: The conscience is an innate sense of right and wrong that creates a strict sense of guilt when violated and that, in its truest form, performs a vital role in social and personal betterment. It is a mechanism that evaluates the worthiness of our desires, urges, and actions. It is a moral compass that points to goodness and excellence. The end of Human Conscience.

23. Attitudes Toward Conscience Try to hear your conscience. To bypass the chatter of negative thoughts, raging emotions, and tempestuous temptations, you will need to spend some quiet time with yourself. Your conscience is your best friend. Relax in a comfortable chair, without distraction, and give it the opportunity to speak to you. With patience and practice, your conscience will always be at your side, available for guidance. To be continued on the next page.

24. Attitudes Toward Conscience Learn to think before you act. Instead of acting in the heat of the moment, pause; think things over, and act rationally and morally rather than emotionally. Faced with a choice, choose to do the right thing, to be responsible. Develop sensitivity with constant awareness and practice. A highly refined conscience reacts to wrongdoing as quickly as an eyelid reacts to dust. To be continued on the next page.

25. Attitudes Toward Conscience Remember that the voice of conscience is not a suggestion, but an obligation. Also remember that to know what is right and not do it is as bad as doing wrong. Judge your progress by your actions, not your good intentions. To be continued on the next page.

26. Attitudes Toward Conscience Evaluate your motives. Don’t do good for acclaim or happiness, but because it is the right thing to do. Gain liberation by becoming the master of your life. Do this by becoming the slave of your conscience. The freedom you will gain is not the right to do what you want, but the power to do what you ought. The end of Attitudes Toward Conscience.

27. Part Two Background Information This is the end of Part Two. Please click HOME to visit other parts.

28. Part Three Text Appreciation ENTER

29. Text Appreciation Contents • I. Text Analysis • 1.General Analyses • 2.Theme • 3.Structure • 4.Further Discussion • II. Writing Device • Euphemism • III. Sentence Paraphrase

30. Text Analysis Have you got the key elements in the story? Plot of the story Setting of the story Protagonists of the story Writing techniquesof the story Themeof the story For reference

31. Text Analysis For reference. Plot: reporting results of a scientific experiment Setting: the whole world Protagonists: “I” and “man” Writing techniques: go to Writing Device Theme of the story: go to the next page The end of General Analysis.

32. Theme • Text Analysis Through the analysis of various traits and dispositions human beings as contrasted to the “higher animals”, the author finds that men have descended and degenerated. The end of Theme.

33. Structure • Text Analysis Part 1 (Paras. ) : Part 2 (Paras. ) : Part 3 (Paras. ) : Part 4 (Para. ) : 1—4 The thesis statement and introduction to the scientific experiment. The analysis related to various straits and dispositions of human beings as contrasted to the “higher animals”. 5—9 10—16 Arguing with people who believe in man’s superiority. Men have descended and degenerated. 17 The end of Structure.

34. Further Discussion • Text Analysis • Do you have any idea why Mark Twain became more and more bitter in his later years? • What is the Darwinian theory? • Is Mark Twain serious when he says that he has done many months of painstaking and fatiguing work in the London Zoological Garden? • What effect do you think Mark Twain hopes to achieve with this mock seriousness? To be continued on the next page.

35. Further Discussion • Text Analysis • How does the author contrast human beings with other animals? • How would you describe the image of human beings under the author’s pen? • Would you say that the human race has changed for the better or for the worse? • How is this essay organized? • Is this article written in a colloquial and informal way? The end of Further Discussion.

36. Euphemism • Writing Device …in our day in England a man is fined ten shillings for beating his mother nearly to death with a chair, and another man is fined forty shillings for having four pheasant eggs in his possession without being able to satisfactorily explain how he got them. (Para. 9) euphemism: for stealing four pheasant eggs To be continued on the next page.

37. Euphemism • Writing Device Euphemism: a substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant To be continued on the next page.

38. Euphemism: more examples • Writing Device old people -- senior citizens fat people -- weight-watchers penniless -- out of pocket the poor -- the underprivileged not studying seriously -- academic disengagement For appreciation. The end of Writing Device.

39. Sentence Paraphrase 1 I have been studying the traits and dispositions of the “lower animals”, and contrasting them with the traits and dispositions of man. I find the result humiliating to me. (Para. 1) For reference I have been studying the characteristics of the so-called lower animals in comparison with those of man. The result of this study makes me, as a man, feel terribly ashamed. go to 2 To be continued on the next page.

40. Sentence Paraphrase • traits and dispositions: characteristics; features; nature • humiliating: making me feel ashamed; embarrassing back to 1

41. Sentence Paraphrase 2 That is to say, I have subjected every postulate that presented itself to the crucial test of actual experiment. (Para. 2) (fml) assumption; theory that happens or exists In other words, I have put every theory or hypothesis there is to the decisive test of actual experiment. go to 3

42. Sentence Paraphrase 3 … among the animals man is the only one that harbors insults and injuries, broods over them, waits till a chance offers, then takes revenge. The passion of revenge is unknown to the higher animals. (Para. 5) to think about sth. for a long time because it makes you angry or worried to do sth. to punish sb. who has harmed you … among the animals man is the only one that remembers insults and injuries, thinks about them for a long time, waits until a chance comes up and then takes revenge. go to 4

43. Sentence Paraphrase 4 Man—when he is King John, with a nephew to render untroublesome, he uses a red-hot iron; (Para. 9) • to cause sb. to become untroublesome;to prevent sb. from making trouble for him In the case of King John who wanted to get rid of his nephew he used a red-hot iron to torture him. go to 5

44. Sentence Paraphrase 5 …in our day in England a man is fined ten shillings for beating his mother nearly to death with a chair, and another man is fined forty shillings for having four pheasant eggs in his possession without being able to satisfactorily explain how he got them. (Para. 9) euphemism: for stealing four pheasant eggs Mark Twain is satirizing the fact that under the English law at that time, a mother’s life was worth only one peasant egg because the latter was considered private property. go to 6

45. Sentence Paraphrase 6 The higher animals engage in individual fights, but never in organized masses. Man is the only one that deals in the atrocity of atrocities, War. (Para. 10) • to participate in • the greatest or the worst atrocity The higher animals fight as individuals, but unlike man, they never fight wars. (They never organize armies to fight each other.) go to 7

46. Sentence Paraphrase 7 … and in the intervals between campaigns he washes the blood off his hands and—works for “the universal brotherhood of man”—with his mouth. (Para. 13) • the idea that all living human beings are brothers and sisters to each other … and when they are not fighting each other, they will start talking about peace and universal brotherhood, but without any sincerity. Man, according to Mark Twain, is not only cruel and warlike, but also hypocritical. go to 8

47. Sentence Paraphrase 8 Man is the Religious Animal. He is the only Religious Animal. He is the only animal that has the True Religion—several of them. (Para. 14) Man claims to be the only animal capable of religious belief. Religion of course is considered here something much more important and noble than animal instincts because it emphasizes the spiritual and moral life of human beings. But Mark Twain sneers at this because the different religions in the world have resulted in endless religious suppressions, persecutions and wars. go to 9

48. Sentence Paraphrase 9 • Man is the Reasoning Animal. Such is the claim. I think it is open to dispute. (Para. 15) • If sth. is open to dispute, it means that it is not certain and you can argue about it. Human beings say that they are the only animals who have reasoning power (who can think). But I think this is rather doubtful (or: debatable). go to 10

49. Sentence Paraphrase 10 These Reasoning Animals had disagreed on a theological detail and carried the matter to a Higher Court. (Para. 17) These so-called reasoning animals had had a quarrel over a minor point in theology and had decided to go to Heaven (to kill each other) to ask God to settle the matter. The end of Sentence Paraphrase.

50. Part Three Text Appreciation This is the end of Part Three. Please click HOME to visit other parts.