GPC 126 Physiological Psychology

1. GPC 126 Physiological Psychology Emotion Lecture #9 Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC METU-NCC Spring 2018

2. This presentation has been created to assist in the mastery of the material contained in Chapter 6-7 of the text Foundations of Physiological Psychology by Neil R. Carlson All of the material contained in the presentation is drawn from the text. Lecture 9

3. 1. Review the physiological basis for emotional response. Plan for the day 2. Review the physiological basis for stress. 3. Consider how an understanding of these concepts can be utilized in treatment by professional counselors.

4. A note about presentations….. On 26 April • Please come prepared. Postponements will NOT be granted. • Please come prepared to submit your presentation…a copy will be made to share with colleagues. • Please show both courtesy and respect to your colleagues by attending the presentations…asking questions….or otherwise participating in this experience. • Please put your ego on the “back burner”….No one expects your English to be perfect….it’s only important that you try and want to share what you’ve learned !!!!!

5. Missing a note is perfectly understandable but playing without passion is unforgivable. Ludwig von Beethoven 1770-1827

6. Primary definition: The term EMOTION is used to refer to a subjective, conscious experience that is characterized by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions and altered mental states. Emotion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9XfCCT3ki0

7. More commonly, emotions are regarded as mental responses to external environmental events occurring in the perceptual field or to internal imagined events conjured by an individual from memories, desires, or expectations. Emotion

8. Conscious awareness and physiological response are bonded into a generally functional system that is life preserving. Our minds and bodies respond together to the events of the world. Emotion

9. Part of the limbic system Primary role: Processing and storage of memory and emotional responses. Amygdala(e) Once a threat is perceived the amygdala generates the secretion of hormones that influence fear and aggression. Once fear or aggression is elicited the amygdala may trigger the release of hormones into the body to put the person into a state of alertness, in which they are ready to move, run, fight, etc. This defensive response is generally referred to in physiology as the fight-or-flight response regulated by the hypothalamus. Limbic System

10. Emotion

11. Robert Plutchik's theory says that the eight basic emotions are: Fear Anger Sadness Joy Disgust Surprise Trust Anticipation Basic Emotions Plutchik, Robert (1997-01-01). The circumplex as a general model of the structure of emotions and personality. American Psychological Association. pp. 17–45. doi:10.1037/10261-001. ISBN1557983801.

12. Plutchik’s Wheel Of Emotions Emotion

13. Name the Emotion

14. Name the Emotion

15. Name the Emotion

16. Name the Emotion

17. Describe Love

18. Emotion Conscious awareness and physiological response are bonded into a generally functional system that is life preserving.

19. Schacter defines emotion as a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity. Emotion Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner. PSYCHOLOGY. Worth Publishers, 2011. p. 310.

20. Integrated response patterns composed of: Behavior Emotion Physiological responses Feelings

21. Responses to the environment can be: Innate Emotion Learned

22. Responses to the environment can be: Innate Emotion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cqNhHrMJA Learned

23. Responses to the environment can be: Emotion Autonomic Hormonal

24. Responses to the environment can be: Emotion Autonomic Hormonal

25. Some Fundamental Definitions: Mind-Body Connection….

26. Some Fundamental Definitions: Relaxation Response

27. Consider Freud’s concept of Anxiety…. Objective Anxiety: Fear in response to something that can hurt you… (Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, Royal Bengal Tiger, an armed intruder in your home…..) What are your fears?

28. Consider Freud’s concept of Anxiety…. Objective Anxiety: Fear in response to something that can hurt you… (Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, Royal Bengal Tiger, an armed intruder in your home…..) Warning The next image may be disturbing to individuals with a snake phobia

29. Consider Freud’s concept of Anxiety…. Objective Anxiety: Fear in response to something that can hurt you… (Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, Royal Bengal Tiger, an armed intruder in your home…..)

30. Consider Freud’s concept of Anxiety…. Objective Anxiety: Fear in response to something that can hurt you… (Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, Royal Bengal Tiger, an armed intruder in your home…..)

31. Consider Freud’s concept of Anxiety…. Neurotic Anxiety: Fear in response to something that cannot hurt you… Public speaking, rejection, humiliation, failure…….etc.

32. Stress as a physiological response An event occurs in the perceptual field This event is perceived (real or imagined) and evaluated for threat potential in relation to the individual If the event is perceived as threatening a series of physiological responses are elicited which prepare the individual for fight or flight.

35. The adrenals are stimulated to produce adrenaline related hormones into the bloodstream which trigger a flood of physical events including: a. increased cardiac rate b. elevated blood pressure (Hypertension) c. increased respiration rate: becoming rapid and shallow d. release of stored energy from the liver in the blood e. pupillary dilation f. increased sensory sensitivity g. tensing of the muscles for movement or protective action h. Activation of blood clotting mechanisms I. Shutdown of the digestive system, making blood more available to oxygenate the muscles j. constriction of blood flow to the extremities • profuse diaphoresis (sweating) Most of these symptoms are rather unpleasant feelings and it is the awareness of these symptoms that cause us to say….”I’m stressed!!”

37. Your reaction to the sight of a dangerous snake is likely to have been similar to the trajectory depicted below…..

38. Consider Freud’s concept of Anxiety…. Neurotic Anxiety: Fear in response to something that cannot “hurt” you physically….(Public speaking, social rejection, failing a math test) These are threats to the ego…..and imagination is the delivery boy…..

39. Consider Freud’s concept of Anxiety…. Your reaction to such threats to the ego may be more like this trajectory…

40. Consider Freud’s concept of Anxiety…. The body’s response is identical…..Whether experienced in real time or via one’s imagination Your reaction to the “PICTURE” of the snake…. Your reaction to the thought of failing a test or giving a speech….

41. Consider Freud’s concept of Anxiety…. Your response to an imagined event or situation can be very deep, very real…..and can affect your behavior. This is something we can put to use a bit later on !

42. Most of these symptoms are rather unpleasant feelings and it is the awareness of these symptoms that cause us to say…. ”I’m stressed!!”

43. The Big Three The three most common reasons individuals seek counseling … Many clients will present with one or more of the following…..

44. Stress Perceived by the body as a threat…. Not always by the mind….we can deceive ourselves… Denial !..... Stressed…no, I’m OK

45. Anxiety The sense of fear or unease experienced in the absence of objective danger.

46. Depression Quite literally the shutting down of the body as the result of prolonged exposure to threat, anxiety….. Fatigue from prolonged neurologic elevation……

47. Hans Selye defined stress in terms of the response your body makes to any demand on it. Source: Selye, 1974

48. Its not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it. Hans Selye (1974) And our reaction to it can be controlled, learned, and changed. Selye also gave us the idea of the relaxation response.

49. The relaxation response Nearly all clients come to counseling in a state of stress which inherently sets limits on what can be accomplished. To reduce this stress there are two options…. A. Treat the stress response with chemicals…. B. Teach the client to relax….relaxation is a physiological response that can be taught as a skill to be mastered. Teaching a client how to relax is the key to using imagery effectively.

50. Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997) Systematic Desensitization/Reciprocal Inhibition One of the first techniques that used imagery for behavior change. Three Step Process: • Teach the relaxation response • Create a hierarchy of stress provoking scenes or images…. • Progress through the hierarchy by pairing images of anxiety provoking stimuli with relaxation to weaken the association. This approach is still frequently used to teach clients more effective ways of dealing with normal fears and even phobic responses……