ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIOD IN WORLD HISTORY: FROM THE DAWN OF TIME TO 600 C.E.

1. ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIODIN WORLD HISTORY:FROM THE DAWN OF TIMETO 600 C.E.

2. CONTENT

3. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY TO KNOW • Historic Regions • All AP Regions • Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica • Sudanic Africa (West African Sahel) • Historic States to Know • River Valley Civilizations • Amer-Indian geographic hearths • Classical Empires • Locations of world religions • Internal vs. External migration • Migration, Urbanization • Immigration • Movement in History • Original spread of humans • Indo-European • Bantu • Germanic and Viking • Spread of world religions • Polynesian

4. A.P. GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

5. MODERN NATIONS TO KNOW

6. THEMES • THEMES (P.E.R.S.I.A.N., S.C.R.I.P.T.E.D.) • Social, Gender Structures including Labor Systems • Cultural and Intellectual Structures • Religious Structures • Interactions: War, Diplomacy, Trade • Political Culture, Political Organization, State Structures, • Technology • Economics • Demography (geography) and Environment • OTHER • Change and Continuity over Time • Geography: Local and regional focus

7. THE ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIOD • PERIODIZATION • What themes set a period apart? • When did it begin, when did it end? • Nature and causes of change • Breaks and continuity within a time period • 1,000,000 BCE TO 600 CE • Prehistoric: 1 million to 4500 BCE or Stone age • Ancient: 4500 to 1000 BCE or Bronze Age • Classical: 1000 BCE to 600 CE or Iron Age • Breaks and Continuity within Period • Prehistoric: Rise of Humans, Hunter Gatherers • Ancient: Sedentary culture, domestications • Classical: Use of Iron

8. THE FIVE THEMES • Relative Location • Know relative locations • Know locations of major states, cultures • Place • Physical • Know the major features of physical geography • Human • Know the cultural characteristics of states • Human Environment Interaction • Movement • History is the result of movement • Region • All history is regional until 1450 CE

9. HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION • PRE-SEDENTARY TIMES: ADAPT OR DIE • Climates diverse, man’s adaptations diverse • Man arose in Africa, spread out to other continents • Harshest climates around deserts, desert like conditions • Environment often forced man to change • As civilization advances, man begins to change surroundings • Hunter-gather nature • Slash and burn was the transition to sedentary agriculture • AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES • Domestications • Farming • Herding • Sedentary civilization • PASTORAL SOCIETIES • Nomads and their flocks • Relationship to agricultural societies • DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES WITH RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS • DEMOGRAPHIC STRESS • Overfarming and overhunting, deforestation, agriculture replaces plants

10. LOCATION: EARLY GEOGRAPHIC SETTING • PRE-HISTORIC • The whole world in all settings • The first towns, cities arose in marginal zones • Some building materials • Some foods, resources, marginal water, and protection • ANCIENT RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS (HEARTHS) • Mesopotamia • Sumer • Assyria and Babylon • Nile River • Egyptian Kingdoms • Kush-Meroe • Indus River • Harrappan, Mohenjo Daro • Aryans • Yellow River • Xia • Shang

11. LOCATION: LATER GEOGRAPHIC SETTING CLASSICAL • MEDITERRANEAN • Phoenicians, Jews, Persians • Greeks: Hellenes, Hellenistic Age • Romans: Republic and Empire • SOUTH ASIA • Persians and Greeks • Mauryans • Guptans • EAST ASIA • Zhou, • Qin, Han • CENTRAL ASIANS • OTHERS • Ghana, Axum-Ethiopia • Mayans, Toltecs, Aztecs • Incas and predecessors

12. EARLY POLITICAL STRUCTURES • Paleolithic Structure • Small bands, generalized social equality • Led by best hunters, male or female • Neolithic • Sedentary villages • Village Councils, Elders, some hereditary chiefs • Much more patriarchal • Early Cities • Often city states • Ceremonial Centers: Plazas, Temples • Centralized rule of priests, kings, elite class • Class structure usually based on land ownership • Hereditary positions become common

13. CHANGE OVER TIME STATE STRUCTURES • Small city states • Sumer, Indus, Xia • Phoenicians, Greeks • Olmecs, Mixtec, Zapotecs, Mayans • Small Regional State • Shang • Babylonia, Israel • Ghana, Kush, Axum • Early Theocratic Empires • Egyptian Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom • Toltecs • Akkad • Shang, Zhou • Funan (SE Asia)

14. EARLY CULTURE • PALEOLITHIC CULTURE • Language, Religion • Traditions and Institutions • Occupations and Past-times • Simple artifacts, art (cave paints, totems, jewelry) • TOOL MAKING CULTURE • Hunter Gathers had tools, only primitive • Neolithic technology become complex, varies • NEOLITHIC CULTURE • Social Revolution: hierarchy, gender relations • Technological Revolution: pottery, advanced tools, irrigation • NATURE OF CIVILIZATION • Writing is at the center of a cultural change • Complex culture based on living in a city • People packed more closely together • Social mores reflect this change • Artisans, toolmakers have great influence • SOPHISTICATION: Increased over time

15. SOCIAL HIERARCHY • Patriarchal • Increasingly so over time • Social Class Differentiation • Superior vs. Inferior • Increasingly classes defined over time • Caste Systems • If classes become rigid, it is a caste system • Slavery • Common since dawn of history in all cultures • Rigidity depended on culture • Serfdom

16. CHANGE OVER TIME EARLY SOCIAL • PALEOLITHIC: HUNTER GATHERER • Gender equality, work equality • Short life, Limited survival, foods • Small groups, bands led by elders • Religion: animist, afterlife • Extended family • NEOLITHIC: SETTLED AGRICULTURE, DOMESTICATIONS • Domestication of plants and animals • Shifting Agriculture and Migratory Farmers • Nomadic Pastoralism • Patriarchal society, patrilineal descent ; gender differences in work, farming • ANCIENT: VILLAGE TO CIVILIZATION • Sedentary life led to rise of social classes • Social differences, gender differences, Specialized occupations • Rise of inequalities; rise of aristocrats, kings, priests; unfree labor inc. slavery, serfs • Villages and a few cities • Nuclear Family • CLASSICAL • Continuation of Ancient although trends heightened • Classes often become rigid, rise of warriors, war leaders; castes • Aristocracy, artisan, intellectual classes • Gender differences pronounced and often codified in law

17. CHANGE OVER TIME RELIGIONS • UNIVERSALIZING vs. ETHNIC RELIGIONS • MAJOR FEATURES OF EACH, WHERE ARE RELIGIONS LOCATED • OVERTIME: • RISE OF PERMANENT RELIGIOUS CASTE, MORAL CODES INCLUDING SOME CASTING • ANIMISM/SHAMANISM TO GENERALIZED ANTRHOPOMORPHISM T0 POLYHEISM • PHILOSOPHIES AND MONOTHEISMS DEVELOP AT END OF PERIOD • EARLY RELIGIONS • ANIMISM, SHAMANISM • ANTHROPOMORPHIC POLYTHEISM • ELABORATED POLYTHEISM WITH PRIESTS, RITUAL, DOGMA • HINDUISM • SHINTO • ETHICAL PHILOSOPHIES AND RELIGIONS BLEND • CHINESE RELIGIOUS COMPLEX: TAOISM, CONFUCIANISM, LEGALISM • JAINISM, BUDDHISM • HELLENIC PHILOSOPHY • MONOTHEISM: EXCLUSIVITY • JUDAISM • CHRISTIANITY • ISLAM

18. TECHNOLOGY OVER TIME • The ability to make and use tools • Man has always been a toolmaker • Tools increasingly designed to meet specific needs • Simple to complex • Materials • Bone, Stone, Wood; Mixture of Media • Metallurgy, Metalworking: Copper, Bronze, Iron • Include domestications as technology if necessary • In many ways writing is a technology • Technology is specialization • Expands if group supports artisans who do not hunt, gather, farm • Irrigation systems requires team work leading to political structure • Know how inventions improved life

19. CHANGE OVER TIME INTERACTIONS • War • Not a new invention but rare in Pre-history • History introduces scarcity, contest for it • War becomes increasingly complex; warrior classes • Technology effected war; empires are core of classical • Diplomacy • Similar to War • Contact between states led to diplomacy • First treaty was between Hittites, Egyptians • Trade • The simplest way for cities to overcome failings • Trade for what you do not have • Most international trade was for luxury • Commodities traded locally, internally • Exchanges: ideas, diseases • Migration of nomads, Bantus, Indo-Europeans • Interactions between nomads, sedentary

20. MOVEMENT • Themes • Indigenous or Independent Development • Cultural Diffusion • Spread of Agriculture • Spread of Technology • Popular Movements • Early Humans spread across globe • Indo-European Migrations or “Chariot Peoples” • Bantu Migrations • Polynesian Migrations • Xiong Nu or steppe peoples • Germanic Peoples

21. CLASSICAL ENDS • Reasons for Decline • External and Internal • Internal Decay vs. External popular forces • Aspects • Geographic, Demographic, Environment • Military, Political • Economic, Social • Decline in Given Areas • Mediterranean, South Asia, East Asia • Mesoamerica • That which remains • Classical cultures • Classical religions • Classical traditions • Interregional Networks: Trade, Spread of Religions • Movements of Bantu, Huns, Germans, Polynesian

22. ESSAYS

23. COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS • Compare and contrast the development of institutions and traditions (political, social, economic, or intellectual) in any two of these classical civilizations: • China • India • Greece • Rome • Mesoamerica • Andes • Compare and contrast any two of these cultures: • The Neolithic Revolutions • Early civilization • Pastoral nomadism • Shifting agriculture

24. COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS • Compare major religions and philosophical systems including similarities in cementing a social hierarchy, e.g. Hinduism contrasted with Confucianism. • Compare the role of women in different belief - Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism and Confucianism • Compare and contrast the rise, development and spread of Buddhism and early Christianity.

25. COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS • Understand how and why the collapse of empire was more severe in Western Europe than it was in the Eastern Mediterranean, China, or South India • Compare the caste system to other systems of social inequality devised by ancient and Classical civilizations, including slavery

26. COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS • Compare societies and cultures that include cities with pastoral and nomadic societies. • Compare the development of traditions and institutions in major civilizations, e.g. Indian, Chinese, Greek • Describe interregional trading systems e.g. the Indian Ocean trade system and the Silk Road • Compare and contrast the intellectual accomplishments of the classical Chinese and Mediterranean civilizations (Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Roman).

27. COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS • Compare any two of the interregional trading systems: •  Mesoamerica • Mediterranean • Southwest Asia • South Asia • East Asia • Compare and contrast the popular movements and settlement patterns of any two of these peoples: Indo-Europeans/Chariot Peoples, Germans, Polynesian, or Bantu.

28. COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS • Compare the political and social structures of two early civilizations using any two of the following: • Mesopotamia (Sumer through Persia) • Egypt (Old Kingdom through New Empire) • Indus Valley (Harappan to Aryan) • Shang Dynasty • Mesoamerica (Olmecs, Mayans, Toltecs) • Andean South America (Moche, Chan Chan)