Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18

1. Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNAconcepts fromChapters 16 & 17 & 18

2. Chapter 16 outline* • DNA and the Chromosome • The building blocks • Description of a karyotype • Somatic Cells • Cell cycle • Mitosis • Reproductive cells • Meiosis (* this topic can be found in ch. 17)

3. What is… • DNA • A Chromosome

4. DNA is composed of millions of nucleotides

5. THE DNA MOLECULE

6. Diploid Cell 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes 44 autosomes 2 sex chromosomes

7. How do all of our non-reproductive cells divide & keep 46 chromosomes? Somatic Cell Division

8. Mitosis metaphase prophase anaphase telophase

9. The cell cycle

10. Mitosis animation links http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120073/bio14.swf Mitosis (includes cell wall)

11. How many chromosomes do our reproductive cells have and how do they divide? 23 chromosomes & Meiosis Animation LINKS http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio19.swf Meiosis I and II http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio17.swf Mitosis versus meisosis

12. MEISOSIS and FERTILZATION 23 + 23 =46 23 chromosomes

13. Ch. 18 concept: How does DNA affect your phenotype?

14. Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein

15. The next 6 slides will refer to material found in chapter 18.

16. DNA RNA PROTEIN Nucleus Cytoplasm

17. GENETIC CODE http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/

18. Nirenberg and Khorana, were awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

19. GENETIC CODE http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp12/1202001.html

21. Principles of Heredity Chapter 17

22. Patterns of Heredity • Gregor Mendel • Punnett Square • Dominant versus Recessive Traits • Alleles • Autosomal versus Sex linked Traits • Autosomes versus sex chromsomes

23. Diploid Cell Karotype 44 autosomes 2 sex chromosomes

24. Gregor Mendel (Mendelian genetics) states • Alternative versions of genes= allele • An organism inherits two genes that segregate independently 1822-1884

25. Mendel also states • Dominant and recessive alleles

26. Predict genotype and phenotype by • Punnett Square Now let’s look at how to construct and use a Punnett Square:

27. Punnett Square curly ears= recessive “normal” ears=dominant Cc mates with cc what will the offspring look like?

28. Look at those ears! Look at those ears!

29. Punnett Square: Cc x cc c c C c

30. Mono-hybrid cross Tall is dominant Short is recessive A single trait

31. Result of di-hybrid crosses

32. Cystic Fibrosis: Autosomal Recessive Trait

33. Autosomal Dominant: Familial Hypercholesterolemia(gene dosage effect is observed) • Affects 1:500 cholesterol

34. Incomplete Dominance • Some traits show “incomplete dominance”

35. Sickle cell trait • Incomplete Dominance

36. Blood Transfusions & Inheritance of Blood Types and

37. Inheritance can sometimes show: • Co-Dominance

38. Brief Summary • Autosomal traits • Hypercholesteremia • Cystic fibrosis • Sickle cell trait • Blood type • Trait are considered either: • Dominant • Recessive • Incomplete dominant • Co-dominant

39. Sex-Linked Traits

40. COLOR BLINDNESS

41. Hemophilia

42. Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy • Recessive Sex Linked (X-chromosome) • Males Affected

43. Sex-influenced Genes • Patterned Baldness Rogaine Propecia

44. Polygenic Traits

45. Trisomy

46. Extra “X” Sex Chromosomes • Klinefelter Syndrome • XXY • 1:1000 occurrence • Males

47. Turner Syndrome 1:10,000

48. Example of Pedigrees or Family Trees Autosomal recessive Autosomal dominant

49. Cloning of a whole organism.

50. Cloning of a whole organism: Reproductive Cloning