The Basics of Geography

1. TheBasics of Geography Part 10 Government and Economics

2. According to an American group known as Freedom House, countries in green have the most freedoms, those in yellow are partly free, and those in purple are not free.

3. Types of Government All countries must choose a type of government, or else there would be anarchy. ANARCHY is the total absence of government rule, law, and any type of authority. It can lead to complete chaos and mob rule. Whatever type of government a country has, it must deal with issues that have to do with the territory and people of the state.

4. In the early days of mankind, it truly was the survival of the fittest. • Over time, people began to live in CLANS or groups of families where they hunted together for survival, and stayed together for protection. • Some clans became bigger, and later tribes were developed. • Leaders may have been chosen for their leadership skills, or toughness and bravery. • Eventually kingdoms, or monarchies developed.

5. Countries shaded in blue use some type of DEMOCRACY in their governments. Democracy means rule by the people.

6. RepublicsCitizens hold political power either directly or through elected representatives. Today, in the United States, we use voting to elect men and women to be our representatives and speak out for us. If we were a true democracy, all the people would have to make the decisions all of the time.

7. Countries in blue are those that have “Presidential Republics”, where the people elect their leader.

8. In the United States, the people elect the 535 men and women who serve in the House of Representatives and in the Senate. They also choose their president every 4 years. The third branch of government, the judiciary, is appointed by the President and approved by Congress.

9. MonarchyA ruling family headed by a king or queen holds the political power. They may or may not share that power with citizen groups such as Parliaments like Great Britain has.

10. On the left is King Abdullah, the absolute ruler of Saudi Arabia. Other ruling families, such as the family of Queen Elizabeth II of England are more of a symbolic set of rulers with very little real power. Most power lies with Parliament.

11. ParliamentThis type of government usually has one or two legislative bodies that meets and makes the rules and laws for a country. The leader of the ruling political party (in most situations) is known as the Prime Minister. They maintain their power unless given a “vote of no confidence”, whereby new elections are held.

12. Countries that use some type of Parliamentary form of Government

13. Australia’s Parliament in the Capital of Canberra

14. CommunismIn this type of government, nearly all political power held by the government in the name of the people. Other political parties are non-existent. You are promised great things and to be taken care of, but your individual freedoms and liberties are limited. 6 countries still officially practice this type of government. Although during the Cold War years between 1945-1990, there were many more.

15. The countries in red still practice Communism, while those in orange tried it, and realized it did not work.

16. Some Famous Communists

17. Karl Marx 1818-1883 He was a 19th century German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. He wrote “The Communist Manifesto” in 1848.

18. 10 Main Goals of Communism“Workers of the world, unite!” • End all private ownership of land • A heavy progressive, or graduated income tax • Abolish all inheritance rights • Property confiscation of all emigrants and rebels. • All economic credit will be controlled by a national bank • Control of communication and transportation systems • Control of factories and all means of production • Creation of industrial and economic worker armies • Equal distribution of population • Free public education, no child labor, combine school with industrial production

19. Socialism SOCIALISM, is when a government takes resources from private citizens in the form of taxes, to give services to those who do not work. Socialist countries are also known as WELFARE STATES. People who have lived under Communism were also living under a type of socialism. The term “socialist” was even in the official name of the old Soviet Union that existed between 1922 to 1991. It’s name was the U.S.S.R. or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It is interesting to see how socialism can be a huge part of the communist belief system, yet countries with democracy have also been turning to socialism as well. Several European countries have become welfare states, and some think the U. S. is going down the same path. The question becomes, how much people think a government should be involved in their lives.

20. DictatorshipAn individual holds complete political power over the people. Fidel Castro of Cuba Benito Mussolini of Italy Adolf Hitler of Germany

21. OligarchyRule by a small number of people.These people could be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, corporate, or military control. Such states are often controlled by a few prominent families who pass their influence from one generation to the next.

22. Despite being only 20% of the population, between 1948 and 1994, whites had total control of South Africa’s government.

23. Other Terms You Should be Familiar With • PLUTOCRACY – Only the wealthy class rules. • THEOCRACY – Rule by the religious elite. • MERITOCRACY – Rule by people chosen because of their ability. For instance, someone very educated. • TOTALITARIANISM – The government works to control all aspects of your public as well as private life.

24. Economic Systems An ECONOMY consists of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people. Economies operate on a local, regional, national, and international level. The way people produce and exchange goods and services is called an ECONOMIC SYSTEM. In the world today, here are some of the most common economic systems practiced.

25. Traditional EconomyorBartering In a TRADITIONAL ECONOMY, goods and services are traded without exchanging money. This is also known as “bartering”.

26. A man in the 1800s bartering for his newspaper subscription.

27. In a COMMAND ECONOMY production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually own the means of production. Production does not necessarily reflect what the consumers want. They will make what the government tells them to. The old Soviet Union had this kind of economy. Countries still practicing a command economy include: Cuba, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and North Korea.

28. In a MARKET ECONOMY production of goods and services is determined by demand from consumers. This is also called a demand economy or CAPITALISM.

29. In a pure market economy, the government stays out of the business community. • It is highly competitive, with people who are willing to invest their money, also known as CAPITAL in other peoples’ ideas, or their own. • Sometimes great profits can be made, or at times, investments may be lost. • The key is, the market (people or consumers) are the ones who decide what will be produced.

30. In a MIXED ECONOMY, there is a combination of command and market economies which provides goods and services so that all people will benefit. One of the reasons China has been rising economically is that allowing more economic freedom has been beneficial to many people, but they still have a long way to go.

31. Countries with the largest economies:Total value of goods and services produced. • The U. S. - $15.06 trillion • China - $6.99 trillion • Japan - $5.86 trillion • Germany - $3.63 trillion • France - $2.80 trillion • Brazil - $2.51 trillion • The U. K. - $2.48 trillion • Italy - $2.25 trillion • Russia - $1.89 trillion • India - $1.84 trillion

32. Countries of the world have all developed economically at different rates. On this map, the darker blue a country is, the higher STANDARD OF LIVING they have which also includes things like education and health care access.

33. Percentage of people in each country that live on under $1.25 a day

34. For an economy to survive, it needs NATURAL RESOURCES. Renewable – Can be replaced through natural processes such as trees or seafood.

35. Non-renewable – Cannot be replaced once they have been removed from the ground. Includes fossil fuels, coal, gemstones, and some metals. Oil, Coal, Aluminum

36. Inexhaustible – These are resources used for producing power that include sunlight, geothermal heat, winds, and tides. Wind, Solar, Geothermal

37. Infrastructure Along with needing natural resources, an economy needs INFRASTRUCTURE, or basic support systems in order to be successful. These basic support systems include: power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation, and educational systems.

38. Transportation Communication Energy

39. Water, Education, and Sanitation