Ms. Susan M. Pojer, Debra Solomon Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

1. TheWars ofReligion (1560s-1648) Ms. Susan M. Pojer, Debra SolomonHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

2. Civil War In France (1562-1598)

3. Religious Riots and Civil War in France 1559-1598 • 1559: Power shift from France to Spain: Henry II, last powerful Valois King, dies at marriage tournament • Daughter Elizabeth of Valois married Phillip II of Spain • Connects two Catholic powers

4. Because of monarchial weakness, 2/5-1/2 French nobles become Calvinist

5. The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End • After Henry II’s death, • Three weak sons followed: • Francis II • Charles IX • Henri III • Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: • Was mother to the boys • Played both sides in the civil war • Developed a reputation for cruelty

6. Catherine de Medici

7. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

8. First War of Religion 1562-1563 • Begun by Massacre at Vassy in 1562 • Duke of Guise stopped in a Calvinist worship service at Vassy • Catholic Servants argued with Huguenots

9. Guise factions fired on unarmed Huguenots • Burned the church • Killed much of the congregation • Series of small battles/sieges follow • Duke of Guise assassinated

10. The French Civil War • There were two sides: • Guise family led Catholics in North • Bourbon family led Huguenots in South -Navarre, Coligny, Conde, Montmorency • Fighting for the royal inheritance • Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase. • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • August 24, 1572 • 20,000 Huguenots were killed • Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

11. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

12. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572 • To solve religious issues, Catherine de Medici arranged a wedding: Aug 17, 1572: Henri de Navarre married Margot de Valois • Festivities last until Aug. 23 • Aug 22: Admiral de Coligny shot by assassin--

13. Suffers broken arm, severely wounded • Suspected the Guises • Huguenots wanted justice from King; and they wanted Coligny to flee • The king holds a meeting at the Louvre

14. At the Louvre • Charles IX, Catherine de Medici, Henri d’Anjou, encouraged by the Guises, decide to kill Coligny and Huguenots • Charles IX: “Well kill them all that no man be left to reproach me.”

15. Charles’ soldiers go to Coligny’s door; shot guard; ran through the house; dragged Coligny from bed—stabbed him thru/ threw body from window • Duc de Guise mocked the body/kicked in face/said it was King’s will

16. Militia/general population went on rampage, sanctioned by church and king: • Wore white crosses on hats • Butchered their neighbors • Killing lasted 3 days in Paris, but much longer in the provinces.

17. Henri de Navarre • Slept in bridal suite in Louvre • His entourage of 40 Huguenots killed • Henri de Navarre/Henri de Conde dragged before King Charles IX and threatened w/death unless they converted to Catholicism

18. Both converted; Navarre became prisoner of court for 4 years • In Provinces: massacres lasted for months

19. 1572-1576 • Several more wars occur, and Henri of Navarre and his cousin escape the court. They are excommunicated

20. 5th War (1576) • 1574--Charles IX died “sweating blood and tormented w/guilt for Massacre” • Henri d’Anjou, Charles IX’s brother, becomes King Henri III • He has lots of problems

21. Henri III’s brother, Ducd’Alencon, began anti-royalist campaign that portrayed himself as an alternate king: more fair and tax-cutting • They formed a strong alliance: Catherine de Medici could not counter it—20,000 troops invade France under Jan Casimir

22. Casimir’s troops met up w/additional armies and Catherine forced to negotiate. • Edict of Beaulieu (Peace of Monsieur) signed in May • Great settlements for leaders: • Navarre made governor of Guyenne

23. Conde—governor of Picardy • Alencon—Ducd’Anjou and given many titles • Jan Casimir—crown paid for his mercenaries • Henry III angry; Parlament of Paris did not register the settlement; some towns ceded to Protestants did not let them in

24. Several more wars occur, but the culmination is the War of the Three Henries

25. War of the 3 Henries (1584-1589) • Crown was Catholic • Role of “Most Christian King” • Fundamental ideals for France

26. Henry III begs Henry de Navarre to convert to make the throne legitimate • Navarre not ready: needed current base of support in the South • Duc de Guise revived Catholic League: To prevent a heretic from coming to the throne

27. Dec 1584: Treaty of Joinville • Signed between Guises, Catholic League, and Philip II of Spain • Spain gives enormous sum to Catholic League and Guise pockets for 10 years.

28. Treaty of Nemours 1585 • Revoked all previous edicts • Reformed religion banned • No Protestants in Royal offices • Evacuation of all garrisoned towns • All protestants abjure faith in 6 months or be exiled

29. Catholic League (Guises) hold N/E • Navarre & Conde hold S/W—they look for aid from Germans and Queen Elizabeth I • 1587—Jan Casimir leads German mercenaries to France; he is defeated by Guise armies

30. Navarre defeats Henry III’s army at Coutras • In Paris: growing dissatisfaction w/Henry III failure to suppress Protestants • 1588: Paris uprising: Barricades in streets • Henry III leaves Paris, but there is much fear of a Guise king

31. Dec. 24, 1588: Henry III invites the Duc de Guise to visit him in his quarters: archers lined stairs; 40 men in waiting room—Guise entered and doors bolted; Guise cut to pieces; body burnt; bones dissolved; ashes scattered; Cardinal de Guise suffered same fate

32. Result of Guise murders • Duc de Mayenne (Guise) becomes Catholic League leader • revolutionary tracts printed • The Sorbonne—taught it was just and right to depose Henry III, or commit regicide

33. The Catholic League sent army against Henry III • Henry III turns to Henry de Navarre for help, and they reclaim Paris

34. July 1589 • Jacques Clement, monk, begs audience w/King Henry III • Puts long knife into his spleen: wound festered • On his deathbed, he calls for Navarre and named him heir to the French throne

35. Wars of the League 1589-1598 • Henry IV (Navarre) delicate position • Catholic League staged coups in principle cities; really it was a reign of terror: political correctness of citizens: moderate Catholics, Protestants, suspicious people hung

36. 9/1589: Henry IV and Catholic armies meet and Catholics defeated • Throughout winter, Henry IV takes town after town • 3/1590 League suffered crushing defeat at Ivry; Cardinal de Bourbon died

37. Spring/Summer 1590—Henry IV reduces Paris to severe hunger; Allows women and children to leave • Philip II of Spain alarmed • Sent Duke of Parma to relieve the siege of Paris • Parma re-supplied the City • Henry IV forced to withdraw.

38. Startling turn of Events • Catholic League looks for an alternative Catholic King • Henry IV abjured his faith in July, 1593— “Paris is worth a mass.” • Coronated in Chartres, not Reims, b/c it was still in the hands of the Catholic League

39. The French Civil War • Catherine started supporting the Bourbons. • Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France. • Effects of Civil War: • France was left divided by religion • Royal power had weakened • Valois family now replaced by Bourbons CatholicLeague CIVILWAR ProtestantUnion

40. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

41. Henry IV of France • Ended Spanish interference in France • Converted to Catholicism: • Did this to compromise and make peace • Paris is worth a mass. • This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations] • Fighting for the royal inheritance • Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598: • Granted religious rights to Huguenots • Did not grant religious freedom for all

42. 1598: Edict of Nantes: granted Huguenots liberty of conscience and public worship in 150 fortified towns; paved way for absolutism by restoring internal peace in France

43. TheThirty Years War (1618-1648)

44. 1618-1648

45. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War • The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. • At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. • At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened. • Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

46. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 • Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. • The Bohemians hated him. • Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants. • Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 • Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II. • Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. • Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria. • Frederick lost his lands in the fighting. • The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

47. Bohemian Phase

48. The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 • Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. • Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire. • Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army. • Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north. • Edict of Restitution (1629): • Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552. • Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights. • German princes feared Ferdinand  he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

49. Danish Phase

50. AlbrechtvonWallenstein