1 / 37

U.S. Policy

U.S. Policy. Foreign Policy. “ a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma” Winston Churchill (describing Soviet foreign policy). Overview. Definitions Policy Influences Foreign Policy 1776 - 1950 Deterrent Strategies 1950-89 Foreign Policies (1989 - ?)

reese
Download Presentation

U.S. Policy

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. U.S. Policy

  2. Foreign Policy • “ a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma” • Winston Churchill (describing Soviet foreign policy)

  3. Overview • Definitions • Policy Influences • Foreign Policy 1776 - 1950 • Deterrent Strategies 1950-89 • Foreign Policies (1989 - ?) • Post Containment Era • Preemptive Strike Era

  4. U.S. Foreign Policy • The goals and guidelines that shape the conduct of American relations with other nations • How we interact with other countries politically!

  5. U.S. National Security Policy • Guidelines for the protection of the nation’s people and territories against physical assault, and protection of vital economic and political interests, the loss of which could threaten fundamental values and the vitality of the nation • How we interact with other countries militarily!

  6. NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY + FOREIGN POLICY = NATIONAL POLICY

  7. Policy Influences • The Executive Branch • The Legislative Branch • The American People

  8. Policy Influences • The Executive Branch • The President • The State Department • The National Security Council (NSC) • The National Security Advisor (NSA)

  9. Policy Influences • Legislative Branch- Congress can: • Declare war • Raise and maintain the military • Power of the purse • Treaty ratification • Presidential appointees

  10. Policy Influences • The American People • Public opinion • Uninformed public • Informed public • Effective public • Interest groups • The press

  11. Foreign Policies • Isolationism • Imperialism • Pacifism • UN Cooperation • Containment - Deterrent Strategies • Post-Containment Era

  12. Isolationism (1796) • New nation - Still in turmoil internally • Physical separation • Neutrality & Non-Entanglement • Europe in violent times • Very dependent on European trade • Monroe Doctrine …served us well for a century

  13. Imperialism (1893) • Social Darwinism (by Europe) • Colonialism race • United States “expanded overseas” • Panama Canal…rebellion against Columbians • Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine …Set the stage for WWI

  14. Imperialism (1893)

  15. 1914-1918 • World War I • 20 million people lost their lives • “War to end all wars”

  16. Pacifism (Post WWI) • U.S. emerged as world’s most respected country • Treaty of Versailles sought to punish Germany • League of Nations…discuss & settle disputes and not to resort to war…U.S. rejected • Neutrality acts/Kellogg Peace Pact…outlawed war as legitimate instrument of national policy • U.S. cut many ties to Europe

  17. Setting the stage for WWII... • Harsh reparations on Germany • Great Depression • Lack of treaty enforcement

  18. World War II • The next war to end all wars • Beginning of the atomic age • Over 40 million more die!

  19. UN Cooperation (Post WWII) • Had full political backing of U.S. and USSR…but competition • Stressed “open communication” among nations…international cooperation would preclude war During this same period…

  20. Communist Expansion • Soviet Union • Poland, Baltics, Eastern European bloc • Instigated communist rebellions elsewhere • China falls to Communism …U.S. felt the need to stop Communist expansion

  21. Communist Expansion • Reasons for expansion • Communist doctrine • World War II • China’s government had poor admin control

  22. Communist Expansion “Let every nation know…that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty” ~ President J. F. Kennedy inaugural address, 1961

  23. Containment • U.S. had to stop Soviet expansion • Marshall Plan (1947) • Berlin Airlift (1948) • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • Significantly rebuilt Europe • Korea • Third World nation stalemated us! • Altered U.S. foreign policy…

  24. Massive Retaliation • Focus on technological and strategic superiority • Use nuclear weapons “at a time & place of our choosing” • Launch of Sputnik and ICBM in 1957 • America shocked • America’s age of innocence was over • America changed its deterrent policy once again...

  25. Graduated Response • Soviet military capabilities • Expanded alliances in Pacific region • ANZUS Pact (1951) • Japan (1954) • Tactical nuclear weapons • Countered being outnumbered conventionally • Main reason USSR kept in check? • Support SE Asia from communism domino theory …Graduated Response still relied heavily on nukes

  26. Flexible Response • Respond to any level conflict… • Restructure conventional forces • Green Berets and Dual Basing • Reconstruct airlift and sealift • Mutually Assured Destruction • No one wins... Then comes Vietnam…

  27. Realistic Deterrence/Nixon Doctrine “…the United States will participate in the defense and development of allies and friends, but… America cannot—and will not—conceive all plans, design all programs, execute all the decisions, and undertake all the defense of the free nations of the world.” ~ President Richard Nixon 18 Feb 1970

  28. Realistic Deterrence/Nixon Doctrine • Essential Equivalence basic nuclear strategy • Total Force concept to policy • Trained nations to fight, loans, foreign aid Watergate…President Carter…Iranian Hostage Crises…

  29. Contemporary Containment/Reagan Doctrine (1981) • More outspoken about dislike of communists and USSR…“Evil Empire” • Military rebuilt • Increased pay raises • New weapon systems • Security Assistance Programs increased • Allies shouldered more responsibility for own defense End of cold war…

  30. World started to change in 1989… • Warsaw Pact crumbling • Berlin Wall coming down • Countries asserting independence from USSR… …leads us to today

  31. Post Containment Era: A Strategy of Engagement • To enhance America’s security • To bolster America’s economic prosperity • To promote democracy and human rights abroad

  32. Where to in the Twenty-First Century? • President Bush’s “Pre-emptive Strike Doctrine”—Signals a new focus by the U.S. on security “Our Nation’s cause has always been larger than our Nation’s defense. We fight, as we always fight, for a just peace—a peace that favors liberty. We will defend the peace against the threats from terrorists and tyrants. We will preserve the peace by building good relations among the great powers. And we will extend the peace by encouraging free and open societies on every continent.” President Bush West Point, New York 1 June 2002

  33. Preemptive Strike Era • Champion aspirations for human dignity; • Strengthen alliances to defeat global terrorism and work to prevent attacks against us and our friends; • Work with others to defuse regional conflicts; • Prevent our enemies from threatening us, our allies, and our friends, with weapons of mass destruction; * National Security Strategy for 2006

  34. Preemptive Strike Era • Ignite a new era of global economic growth through free markets and free trade; • Expand the circle of development by opening societies and building the infrastructure of democracy; • Develop agendas for cooperative action with other main centers of global power; • Transform America’s national security institutions to meet the challenges and opportunities of the twenty-first century; and • Engage the opportunities and confront the challenges of globalization

  35. Preemptive Strike Era “This is not…just America's fight. And what is at stake is not just America's freedom. This is the world's fight. This is civilization's fight. This is the fight of all who believe in progress and pluralism, tolerance and freedom.” ~ President George W. Bush Sept 2001

  36. Summary • Definitions • Policy Influences • Foreign Policy 1776 - 1950 • Deterrent Strategies 1950-89 • Foreign Policies (1989 - ?) • Post Containment Era • Preemptive Strike Era

  37. ANY QUESTIONS?

More Related