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44-43 BCE: The end of Cicero’s life / End of the Republic

44-43 BCE: The end of Cicero’s life / End of the Republic March 15 Assassination of Julius Caesar March-Sept. Cicero’s influence at its height: “the [most] power any popular leader could possibly have ” (Appian Civil War 4.19) Sept. 1 Antony attacks (absent) Cicero in Senate

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44-43 BCE: The end of Cicero’s life / End of the Republic

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  1. 44-43 BCE: The end of Cicero’s life / End of the Republic March 15 Assassination of Julius Caesar March-Sept. Cicero’s influence at its height: “the [most] power any popular leader could possibly have” (Appian Civil War 4.19) Sept. 1 Antony attacks (absent) Cicero in Senate Sept. 2 Cicero delivers conciliatory speech Sept. 19 Antony demands Cicero’s presence at Senate; charges Cicero with Caesar’s murder Sept. 20 First Philippic delivered October Second Philippic composed (published December) Dec. 20 Third andFourth Philippics implore Senate to declare Antony public enemy, support Octavian __________________________ January Fifth – Seventh Philippics: same, but Senate ignores Cicero’s pleas Feb.-Apr. Eighth – Fourteenth Philippics – Cicero persuades Senate to declare bellum civileand Antony as hostis April 21 Battle of Mutina: Octavian defeats Antony, form 2nd Triumvirate with M. Aemilius Lepidus Apr.-Dec. Proscriptions (Octav. tried 2 days to save Cicero)

  2. December 7, 43 BCE: Plutarch Life of Cicero 48 “Cicero heard [his pursuers] coming and ordered his servants to set the litter down where they were. He…looked steadfastly at his murderers. He was all covered in dust; his hair was long and disordered, and his face was pinched and wasted with his anxieties – so that most of those who stood by covered their faces while Herennius was killing him. His throat was cut as he stretched his neck out from the litter …. Herennius cut off his head, by Antony's command, and his hands—the hands with which he wrote the Philippics … his speeches against Antony.”

  3. December 7, 43 BCE Cassius DioRoman History 47.8.3-4 “When, however, the head of Cicero also was brought to [Antony and his wife Fulvia] one day … Antony uttered many bitter reproaches against it and then ordered it to be exposed on the rostra more prominently than the rest, in order that it might be seen in the very place where Cicero had so often been heard declaiming against him, together with his right hand, just as it had been cut off. And Fulvia took the head into her hands before it was removed, and after abusing it spitefully and spitting upon it, set it on her knees, opened the mouth, and pulled out the tongue, which she pierced with the pins that she used for her hair, at the same time uttering many brutal jests.”

  4. Cicero 106-43 BCE Appian Civil War 19-20 “Cicero’s head and hand were fastened for a long time to the Rostra in the Forum, where he had previously played the popular leader, and more came to see the sight than had listened to him. It is said that Anthony had the head placed before the table at his meals, until he was sated with looking at the vile object. This, then, was the way in which Cicero was killed and outraged after his death—a man who is renowned to this day for his literary achievements, and was of the greatest service to his country when he held the office of a consul.” Augustus: “A learned man … and a lover of his country” (Plut. Cicero 49).

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