Rome

1. Rome AES World History

2. By the end of this lesson: • 1. Explain the structure of the gov’t of the Roman Republic. Be sure to include the following terms: republic, Senate, consuls, veto, checks and balances • 2. “In terms of defense, trade and governing outlying districts, Rome’s location was ideal.” Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not? • 3. What were some social conflicts that existed because of inequality w/in the Roman empire? Outcomes? • 4. What factors helped Rome expand successfully?

3. Legend • Romulus and Remus • Video: Roman Empire 101: Founding Myths

4. Physical setting • Base for controlling E and W Mediterranean. • Probs: vulnerable to invasion through Alps and from sea.

5. Dif from Greece b/c • Unity w/in region • Farming: Veggies, olives, grapes, citrus

6. Early people • Etruscans (late 600s BC) • Cultural influence: written langlater adapted by Romans. • Fine clothing, pottery, jewelry, metal, wood, paved roads, drained marshes, constructed sewers.

7. Etruscan Custom later adopted • Parade for conquering military leaders.

8. Location of Rome • Protected from Sea Invasion • On river’s easiest crossing, center of land trade routes.

9. Roman Gov’t • Est A republic: form of gov’t where voters elect officials to run the state. • Vote: ONLY adult males • 3 main groups of citizens governed: • Senate, Popular Assembly, and Officials (called magistrates)

10. 1. Senate • Most powerful of 3 governing bodies. • 300 members • Jobs: • Controlled public funds • Decided foreign policy • Could act as court • In times of emergency: propose dictator (only ruled for 6 mo)

11. 2. Popular Assemblies • Citizens get together and vote on laws and elected officials • Some assemblies voted on war or peace, some had judicial roles. • Tribunes: (10 elected officials) elected by assemblies. Job: could refuse to approve Senate bills and judged actions of public officials. (checks and balances!)

12. 3. Magistrates • Public officials • 2 Consuls : Chief executives (like Presidents) • Jobs: • Ran gov’t and military commanders. • Appointed dictators • Powers: Could veto (Latin for ”I forbid”) acts of other consul, governed with the advice of the Senate.

13. To help Consuls: • Romans elected Praetors: commanded armies in times of war and oversaw legal system in peace. They also created lists of potential judges and jurors.

14. The Census! • Censors: Elected every 5 years only for 18mos. Job: registered citizens acc to wealth, could apt candidates to Senate, and oversaw moral conduct of citizens.

15. Checks and Balances • Prevented any one part of the gov’t from becoming too powerful.

16. Let’s make this more confusing!  • Changes were made to the composition of the assemblies and elected officials based on the common people’s attempts to win more rights.

17. The Conflict of the Orders • Roman Society divided b/w 2 social classes after 509 BC: patricians and plebians. • Patricians: powerful aristocratic class. Controlled gov’t. Provided financial, social, and legal support in exchange for political backing and loyalty. • Plebians: All other citizens.

18. Plebians suffered • Couldn’t hold public office or serve in the military. • Didn’t know what the laws were because they weren’t written down! Judge stated laws and inly Patricians were judges.

19. Changes Made • Plebians demanded change and led strikes. Eventually forced Romans to write down laws. • The Twelve Tables: placed in public square.

20. More rights for Plebians • By 300BC, wealthy Plebians AND Patricians joined to form Roman Nobility. • Then, only POOR people discriminated against, not Plebians.

21. Officials Limited • Only rich nobles could hold office, b/c of lack of salary. • Nobles controlled the Senate and dominated the republic. • Video Clips! • Greece and Roman Politics - Ancient Greek and Roman Gov’t For 3rd graders

22. Main Ideas about gov’t • Roman government was supposed to give normal people (poor) a voice in gov’t • There were checks and balances to ensure that certain parts of gov’t didn’t get too powerful • If people felt like they weren’t getting a fair deal, they could appeal to try to change the way the gov’t was run.

23. Extending the Republic • Many wars. • Army: all adult males w/min property must serve army. • Strict discipline in army. Good org, training, high morale

24. Parts of the Army • Legions: most imp unit (4500-6000 male citizens) • Auxilia: army units of non-citizen men. Video Clips!

25. Wise Policies • Conquered people also got partial citizenship and political power • Could own property and marry but not vote. • Rome made treaties and alliances w/distant cities. Allies promised to help military in times of need.

26. Conquered Regions • Also, conquered people provided land for resettled farmers. Helped to maintain military control, spread language, law and culture.

27. Brain Pop Time! • Roman Republic style! Yeah! Roman Republic

28. Family • Most imp unit: center of religion, morals, education. • Father=paterfamilias: authority. Conduced religious ceremonies, made all imp decisions, supervised son’s education.

29. Roman Women • Higher Status than Greek! • Mother managed household, did buying and helped entertain guests. Wife Swap clip!

30. Religion • Identified gods w/Greek gods. • Observe will of gods by looking at organs of sacrificed animals or flight of birds.

31. By the end of this lesson: • 1. Explain the structure of the gov’t of the Roman Republic. Be sure to include the following terms: republic, Senate, consuls, veto, checks and balances • 2. “In terms of defense, trade and governing outlying districts, Rome’s location was ideal.” Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not? • 3. What were some social conflicts that existed because of inequality w/in the Roman empire? Outcomes? • 4. What factors helped Rome expand successfully? • 5. What were the final results of the Punic Wars? • 6. How did the gov’t and social structure of Rome change as a result of the conquest of new territories?

32. Roman Expansion • The entire Italian peninsula south of Rubicon River

33. Burden of defending • Conflict with Carthage (originally Phoenician colony) powerful city on coast of N. Africa. • Fought 3 wars b/w 264 and 146 BC: Punic Wars • Rome=better army, easier to defend • Carthage=better navy, more wealth

34. 1st Punic War • Rome won in 241 BC • Carthage had to pay (indemnity) for damages caused to Rome. Gave up control of Sicily.

35. 2nd Punic War (218 BC) • Hannibal: created army in Spain w/infantry, cavalry and war elephants! • Crossed Alps from France into Italy: many died! Video: Roman Empire 101: Hannibal And his elephant

36. Hannibal is one crazy awesome general! • Won many victories against the Romans. • BUT Rome invaded N. Africa and turned the tables. Battle of Zama.

37. Rome wins 2nd Punic War • Again, Carthage pays indemnity and gives up navy and Spanish colonies.

38. 3rd Punic War • Some Romans hated Carthage at this point, sieged Carthage, enslaved population. • Salted their fields!

39. Conquest of Hellenistic East • Won war with Macedonia in 197 BC

40. Problems of Roman Expansion • Larger territory forced change in operation. • Senate gained almost complete control of army and foreign policy. Nobles gained more power.

41. No more freebie citizenships • New territories only given rules and taxes!

42. Provinces Separately • Governed by someone appointed by Senate. NOT closely monitored. Often took bribes and ignored needs of the people. Tax collectors lined pockets.

43. Changes in Agriculture • Large estates w/slaves (Latifundia) • Rome depended on grain from provinces. • Farmers lost land and livestock during Punic Warsand were forced to sell what they had and move into the cities . Some couldn’t find jobs and depended on gov’t for food. • Worse: couldn’t serve in military!

44. Growth of Commerce and Social Change • Inc. trade. • New class of business and landowners (equites) had great wealth and increased political influence.

45. Many jobless • Weakened ideals of discipline and devotion to the state.

46. Exchange of ideas • New religions and cultures from conquered territories. • Slaves taken from territories. Some treated badly. • Spartacus! Slave. Led revolt but killed. 6000 of his followers crucified.

47. Check up • 1. What were the final results of the Punic Wars? • 2. How did the gov’t and social structure of Rome change as a result of the conquest of new territories? • Video: Rise of the Roman Empire: Brain pop!

48. By the end of the lesson • 1. What was the First Triumverate? Why was it formed? • 2. Identify Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Cleopatra, Marc Antony, Nero, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius • 3. Describe the significance of the reign of Julius Caesar. • 4. Contrast the rule of the Julio-Claudians w/ the rule of the Good Emperors

49. 2 Bros try to do the right thing…. • Tiberius and Gaius

50. The Roman Empire • Tiberius: 1st attempt to change Rome. • Some Senators used public land for private purposes. So, Tiberius limited amt of public land Senators could use. • Moved landless citizens to work on Senators’ old land. • Senators and sympathizers clubbed him to death.