Nanotechnology Cooperation: Developing vs. Advanced Countries

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY: COOPERATION BETWEEN THE DEVELOPING AND ADVANCED COUNTRIES N. M. Butt and K. Yaldram Preston Institute of Nano Science and Technology (PINSAT). Preston University, Islamabad. Pakistan. ( e-mail: nmbutt36@yahoo.com). ************ Paper presented at: ASEPS: Asia-Europe Physics Summit. Tskuba. Japan. 24-26 March 2010.

2. Evolution of Technologies Pico/Femto Technology 3000 2 2 2

3. Nanotechnology Growth http://www.directionsmag.com 3 3 3

4. “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” Richard P. Feynman December 1959 The classic talk that Richard Feynman gave on December 29th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) • I would like to describe a field, in which little has been done, but in which an enormous amount can be done in principle. • Furthermore, a point that is most important is that it would have an enormous number of technical applications. • What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale 4 4 4

5. Why can’t we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin? Let’s see what would be involved. The head of a pin is a sixteenth of an inch across. If you demagnify it by 25,000 diameters, the area of the head of the pin is then equal to the area of all the pages of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Therefore, all it is necessary to do is to reduce in size all the writing in the Encyclopedia by 25,000 times. Is that possible? The resolving power of the eye is about 0.2mm – that is roughly the diameter of one of the little dots on the fine half-tone reproductions in the Encyclopedia.This, when you de-magnify it by 25,000 times, is still 80 angstroms (8nm) in diameter – 32 atoms across, in an ordinary metal. 5 5 5

6. Nanotechnology? “Nanotechnology is defined as the study, the control and the use of materials and material structures between 1 nanometer (nm) and 100 nanometers and making devices out of these. 1nm is one billionth of a meter and the human hair/ paper sheet , is about 80,000 nm thick. *********** 6 6

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8. 0.1nm 8 8 8

9. Milestones (Summarized) • 1959 Feynman’s lecture on “Plenty of room at the bottom” • 1974 First patent filed on Molecular Electronic Device • 1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) invented • 1985 Bucky balls discovered • 1986 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) invented • 1987 First single-electron transistor created • 1988 First ‘designer protein’ created • 1991 Carbon nanotubes discovered • 1993 First nanotechnology lab in the US • 1997 DNA-based nanomechanical device created • 1999 Molecular-scale computer switch created • 2000 US launches National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) • 2001 Logic gate made entirely from nanotubes • 2002 EU program focuses heavily on Nanotechnology in Health Care • 2003 US president Bush signs Nanotechnology Act 9 9 9

10. Nanotechnology A nanometer (nm) is one billionth (10-9) of a meter Thickness of a human hair  80,000 nm Nanometer:10-9 m = 10 x 10-10 m = 10 atoms in a line (one atom, 2He4 10-10 m  0.1 nm) Electron Sub-Nanometer Sizes: Electron 1.986 x 10-18 m  2 x 10-9 nm Proton 10-15 m  10-6 nm Neutron  10-6 nm  1/1,000,000 nm) Proton Neutron Helium Atom, 2He4 Size : 0.1 nm 10 10 10

11. Nano Characterization Techniques XRD Dynamic Light Scattering TEM IR/Raman microscopy SEM X-Ray microscopy SPM ToF AFM Crystallography SIMS Neutron Scattering NMR EPR 11 11 11

12. Colin L. Powell Former Secretary of State United States Government Remarks to the 139th Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences10 a.m. Tuesday, April 30, 2002 Washington, D.C. • “Indeed, new avenues of scientific research may produce technologies as revolutionary in their security, economic and social implications as information technology has been since the mid-1980s. One area of biotechnical research alone, nanotechnology, could have enormous implications -- some thrilling, others chilling -- on terrorism, defence, health, development and the world economy”.

13. TONY BLAIR'S SPEECH ON BRITISH SCIENCETHURSDAY MAY 23, 2002 “The current work in nanoscience - manipulating and building devices atom by atom - is startling in its potential. From this we now see emerging nanotechnology. Programmable and controllable microscale robots will allow doctors to execute curative and reconstructive procedures in the human body at the cellular and molecular level. Visionaries in this field talk about machines the size of a cell that might, for example, identify and destroy all the cancerous cells in a body. Nanomachines might target bacteria and other parasites, dealing with tuberculosis, malaria and antibiotic-resistant bacteria”.

14. President Clinton, 2000 The National Nanotechnology Initiative In his speech proposing the NNI, President Clinton(2000) invoked this vision on Feynman’s home ground: My budget supports a major new National Nanotechnology Initiative, worth $500 million. Caltech is no stranger to the idea of nanotechnology —the ability to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular level. More than 40 years ago, Caltech’s own Richard Feynman asked, “What would happen if we could arrange the atoms one by one the way we want them? 14

15. Russian Budget For Nanotechnology The Russian government would allocate 200 billion rubles ($7.7 billion)to develop nanotechnology until 2015and transfer to the state corporation 130 billion rubles ($5 billion) by the end of this year. As of now, the government has invested about 150 billion rubles ($5.76 billion) in different nanotechnology studies including weapons projects. In 2007, 12 billion rubles ($461 million) has been appropriated for the development of nanotechnologies, an incredible sum by Russian standards i.e. more than 5 times allocated for this purpose in 2006. This year's nanotechnologies budget of Russia is comparable to USA, European Union and Japan. Source: http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070723/69482473.html, 23rd July, 2007 15 15 15

16. GLOBAL IMPACT • Application of fundamental discoveries have developed multibillion dollars product lines. • Potential of 1-2 trillion dollar market by 2015. • 2500 nanoproducts already in the market by Nov 2009. • Another“Industrial Revolution” in the making. • Profound effect on the socio-economic scenario of the world for 40-50- years.

17. INVESTMENT IN NANOTECHNOLOGY (2008) *MINI IGT, Nanotechnology: Materials UK .2010( www.matuk.co.uk).

18. Market Volume (€ billion)Exponential Market Growth for Nanotech Products 18 18 18

19. Semiconductors http://www.nanotechnology.com 19 19 19

20. i. Medical and Health Care: Anti-cancer drugs, Bio-sensors, Implants, Dental Pastes/Orthoii. Energy:Solar cell, Fuel cell, Bio-fuels, Batteries iii. Automobiles:Lubricants, Glass Coatings, Resins, Phosphors iv. Industry: Auto,Ceramic, Insulation, Phosphors, Hard Materials, Mechanical, Spray, Sensorsv. Computer/Information Technology:/Communications:Bio-molecules as transistors, Large memories, Nanoelectronicsvi. Defence:Special Materials, Censors, Intelligent Clothing Applications of Nanotechnology

21. Applications of NanotechnologyContinued Vii. Cosmetics:Skin Creams ,Anti aging creamsviii. Food & Agriculture: Food Safety, Quality Assurance, water purification ix. Water Treatment: Nanofilteration , Clean drinking and Waste waterx. Environment: Filters, anti toxicants ,nanocatalysts for oil spills xi. Textiles: Special clothes ,wrinkle and stain free, antimicrobial socksxii. Sports: Sunglasses, Hockey sticks ,Rackets, Tennis and Golf ballsxiii.Aerospace: Communications, High strength light weight materials Xiv. Oil and Gas Exploration: 50% increase in extraction from existing oil wells by using nanotechnology techniques.

22. Why nano will change the properties of materials? Example: Smaller size means larger surface area Diameter: 10 µm 50 nm diameter Area: 0.22 m2/g 44 m2/g 22 22 22

23. Why nano will change the properties of materials? Smaller size means larger surface area Sphere • Volume, V = 4/3 π R3 • Surface Area, S = 4πR2 • Ratio S/V = 3 /R α 1/R For He atom, 2R = 0.1 nm. S/V = 6 × 1010 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 S / V R 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 3 4 2 0.5 1 R 23

24. Nano Gears • Two Fullerene Nano-gearswith multiple teeth. It is hoped that products can be constructed made of thousands of tiny machines that could self-repair and adapt to their environment. • Researchers have simulated gear teethby attaching benzyne molecules to the outside of a nanotube. • To "drive" the gears, a supercomputer simulated a laser that served as a motor • Nanotubes are molecular-sized pipes made of carbon atoms

25. Carbon Nanotubes • Carbon nanotube(CNT) is a new form of carbon, equivalent to two dimensional graphene sheet rolled into a tube • Two main types of nanotubes are, • - Single-Walled Nanotubes(SWNTs) and • - Multi-Walled Nanotubes(MWNTs). • Tensile strength~ 200 Giga Pascal, ideal for reinforced composites and nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS) • Metallic or semiconducting and offers amazing possibilities to create future nanoelectronics devices, circuits, and computers • Nanotubes are based on carbon or other elements. These systems consist of graphitic layers seamlessly wrapped into cylinders.

26. Nanosensor • Requirement • Electronic noses: a chemical sensing system that contains an array of several different types of sensors, where each element measures a different property of the sensed chemical • Applications • Detecting hazardous emissions from chemical plants • Detection and control of automobile emissions • Odor control in chemical and food processing • Discrimination of breath alcohol constituents

27. Computer / Information Technology • Nanoelectronics: Biomolecules • IT: Large density information 1012 • Next generation computer chips • Large electro chromic devices • Nano-computers with molecular machines will allow almost anything to be designed and made from inexpensive raw materials, such as, air, sunlight or even dirt. • Specific magnetic properties for magnetic recording • High erosion resistance

28. Saving Energy through advanced Nanomaterials • Saving energy through the use of nano materials and the current $1.6 billion dollar market, predicted to rise to $5.1 billion by 2014. • Despite advances in battery technology, hydrogen storage and fuel cells, energy saving technologies will exhibit a faster growth. • Solid state lighting, nanocomposite materials, aerogels and fuel borne catalysts will have the greatest impact between now and 2014 • Applications in transportation will increase to $50 billion by 2014 .

29. The Nano Revolution in Materials • This new science of the small has brought to market self-cleaning windows, smog-eating concrete and toxin-sniffing nanosensors. • 300 nanoengineered products are now commercially available; $32 billion worth of them were sold last year, with sales expected to top $1-2 trillion by 2015. • Nanoscientists are creating revolutionary materials like single atom thick coatings, carbon nanotubes up to 50 times stronger than steel (yet 10 times lighter), and quantum dots that could enable us to change the color of almost any object instantaneously. Source: ARCHITECT Magazine, May 1, 2007

30. Quantum Computers • Based on Quantum Bits (Qubits) • Nanofabricated Chips • 35nm gate length in 2015 • 64 GB DRAMS • Quantum Switch Based Computing • Biomolecular & Molecular Electronics • Potential to perform certain calculations billions of times faster than any silicon-based computer • Possible time frame 2020

31. FROM PHYSICS TO A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SCIENCE • Feynman a physicist Noble Laureate provided the vision of nanotechnology in 1959. • Quantum Mechanics provides the basics of understanding the physical phenomena at nano scale. • With development of TEM,STM, AFM in the 1980’s nanotechnology impacted other fields. • It is now a multi-disciplinary science/ technology

32. Nanotechnology is Multidisciplinary Electrical Engineering Physics Mechanical Engineering Nanotechnology Chemistry Biology Information Technology Material Science

33. BRIDGING THE DIVIDE BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATIONS • R&D in nanotechnology covers a wide spectrum of applications. • Developed nations can focus on the high end, cutting edge R&D and technologies i.e., defence, space exploration, cancer research etc. • Developing countries can focus on (i) Applications to existing Exporting /national priority Industries and (ii) low end applications i.e., water purification, construction industry etc. • There is a large grey area where collaboration between the two can generate optimum results. i.e., oil & gas exploration, food & agriculture etc.

34. 1. Sharing the Expertise of Talented persons of developing countries.2. Utilising the raw materials available in developing countries.3. Export of Nanotechnology/High technology to Developing countries 4. Common influence of Nanotechnology on socio-economic factors of both Advanced and Developing countries WHY TO BRIDGE THIS DIVIDE

35. Research Projects Following research projects in Pakistan are being carried out in various organizations/institutions, evaluated and recommended by NCNST

36. Nanotechnology R & D in Pakistan Nanocomposites: Copper-Carbon Composites using Multi-Wall Carbon Tubes (MWCT) Prof. Fazal A. Khalid, M. Bashir, GIK, Topi Nanotechnology Products of Various Oxides: Rare earth nano oxides Prof. Ikram-ul-Haq, University of Peshawar (a). Synthesis of Biocompatible Gold Particles (b). Development of Nanobiotechnological Research at NIBGE: Functionalization Nanoparticles Dr. Irshad Hussain, NIBGE Nanochemistry of Iron Oxide by Mossbauer Spectroscopy Prof. M. Mazhar, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad Nano Research at Microelectronics Research Centre : Non-volatile memory devices, Magnetic Tunnel Junction Device Prof. Shahzad Naseem, Punjab University, Lahore Nanoscience at Department of Physics CIIT, Islamabad: Quantum dot and thin films Dr. Arshad Saleem Bhatti, CIIT, Islamabad Influence of Rate of Deposition on the Dewetting: Characterization of Nano-clusters Shaista Babar and A. S. Bhatti, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Nanotechnology Research at PIEAS: Mesoporous alumina Dr. Mazhar Mehmood, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad

37. Nanotechnology Education in PakistanB.S( 4 year) Degree******First initiative in Pakistan

38. DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE • Subject of nanotechnology being introduced in BS and MS curriculum in developed nations. • Some universities also offering degrees in nanotechnology. • Huge investment in R&D in this field by advanced countries. • In Pakistan, Preston University has initiated a 4 year BS degree course in Nanotechnology. The first of its kind in Pakistan.

39. continued • Already there is a big job market in universities, R&D organizationsand industry in the developed nations. • As industries adopt nanotechnologies there is also a big potential for jobs in developing countries . • It is expected that the job market will keep expanding for the next 40-50 years. • Potential for 1-2 trillion jobs by 2015.

40. PINSAT OBJECTIVES • Workshops/ Conferences • Nanomedicines / Health care • Environment • Agriculture • Electronics • Textiles • Sports goods • Computer industry • Pharmaceutics R & D Work BS (4 Years) Degree Programme • FUNDS AND GRANTS: • National • PSF/ HEC/ MoST • International • IDB/ EU/ IDRC Legal, Ethical Moral & Societal Issues Liaison with Industries Direct and Strong Liaison with industries in this field • TRAINING: • Technical Training of Manpower as per Requirement Public Awareness and Challenges / hazards

41. CONCLUSION • Cooperation to execute joint research projects / conferences/workshops etc., on Nanotechnology. • Exchange of scientists /literature of nanotechnology • Allocation of specific funds for nanotechnology. • “Committee on Nanotechnology for Europe and Asia (CONEA) “,for implementation of above recommendations.

42. Microplane-Shanghai Nanotech Inst-Helicopter Demonstration.MPG • Micro pump-Shanghai Nanotech Inst-Demonstration.MPG • Microreducer- Shanghai Nanotech Inst- Demonstration.MPG • Nanobot_vir_caution.wmv

43. THANK YOU & God Bless You.