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Cooperation with developing countries: the example of Nicaragua

Cooperation with developing countries: the example of Nicaragua A. Edefonti 1 , G. Marra 1 , F. Sereni 1 , M. Sandoval 2 , Y. Silva Galàn 2 1 UOC. Nefrologia e Dialisi Pediatrica, Clinica Pediatrica G e D. De Marchi, Milano, Italy

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Cooperation with developing countries: the example of Nicaragua

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  1. Cooperation with developing countries: the example of Nicaragua A. Edefonti1, G. Marra1, F. Sereni1 , M. Sandoval2, Y. Silva Galàn2 1UOC. Nefrologia e Dialisi Pediatrica, Clinica Pediatrica G e D. De Marchi, Milano, Italy 2 Departamento de Nefro-Urologia Pediatrica, Hospital Infantil de Nicaragua MJR, Managua, Nicaragua 42° Annual ESPN Meeting, Lyon, September 11-14, 2008

  2. Introduction • No specific pediatric workshop dedicated so far to the initiatives of cooperation, but increased awareness of the matter • ISN organizing a COMGAN workshop during WCN, Milan 2009 • Pediatric contributions in the literatureabout the epidemiology of renal diseases in the developing countries, but not about models of cooperation

  3. (Cont.) • Pediatric Nephrologists always open to educational matters (courses, stages for doctors of developing countries) • ESPN members regularly receiving trainees from abroad and developing differents types of projects • No systematic documentation so far of the initiatives of pediatric cooperation worldwide • IPNA Fellowship Committee starting to require feed-back and track doctors receiving educational grants

  4. Is cooperation with developing countries only an educational (teaching /training) issue? A provocative question

  5. The start of the cooperation with the Pediatric Nephrology Unit of Managua • 1997-1999 Stage in Milano of Dr. Mabel Sandoval Dìaz • 1999-2000 Complain about lack of tools to properly diagnose and treat renal diseases in the Nicaraguan Hospitals • 2000 Visit to Nicaragua of Italian pediatric nephrologists and recognition of the paucity of human, instrumental and economic resources at Hospital Infantil MJR • 2001 Start of the project of cooperation, financed initially by the Associazione per il Bambino Nefropatico, Milano

  6. Topics • Methodology of the project • Results of the project • Clinical activity • Epidemiology • Points of discussion

  7. Nicaraguan demographic indicators www.inec.gob.ni Censo de Poblaciòn 2005.

  8. Characteristics of the initial project • Free of charge basic assistance for children with renal diseases • Lab test, drugs, imaging (in the private system, whenever necessary) • Establishing shared nephrologicalprotocols for the main kidney and UT diseases (the 10 clinical syndromes) • Establishing a Pediatric Nephrology Unit in a public Children University Hospital in Managua • Scaled training in Milano of the different components of the team, (Pediatric Nephrologists, Urologists, Imaging specialist, Pathologists, Dialysis Nurse) • Building a new Pediatric Nephrology ward

  9. Characteristics of the initial project • Implementation of a database • to gather data on the epidemiology of renal diseases (with special regard to CKD) • to record and monitor clinical activity • to make quality control of the diagnoses 5. Web connection between Milano and Managua for clinical consultation

  10. Expansion of the initial project • Start of a RRT program (2 beds for HD, CAPD and 6 living donor Tx per year) for selected children with ESRD • Establishing a Pediatric Nephrology Network including 5 District Hospitals covering about 55% of the Nicaraguan population • to increase diagnostic and therapeutic power in each hospital (supply of lab test, medications, imaging tools, shared protocols) • to avoid patient and family unnecessary transfer to Managua, whenever possible

  11. Expansion of the initial project • Proposal of the model of cooperation to other Central America countries • Sharing database with Guatemala • Conference on the Prevention and Management of CKD in five Central America countries (29th of February 2008) • Extension of the project to a 6th District Hospital where CKD prevalence is allegedly high (61% of population covered) • Project of early diagnosis and treatment of kidney and UT diseases in the peripheral “Unidades de Salud” depending from the 6 District Hospitals

  12. León Jinotega Chinandega Milano Managua Matagalpa Masaya Granada The Pediatric Nephrology Network in Nicaragua at September 1 st 2008

  13. Chronology of the project of cooperation

  14. Funding of the cooperation project (2001-2008)

  15. Funds from Nicaraguan Health Ministry • Salaries for 4 Pediatric Nephrologists, 2 Urologists, 1 Pathologist, 11 Nurses, 1 part time Dietician and 1 Psychologist in Managua and 6 Pediatricians of District Hospitals • Costs of hospitalization, essential medications, lab test and imaging • Costs of Peritoneal Dialysis, (CAPD and APD) in Managua • Cost of immunosuppressive medications for renal transplant in Managua since 2008

  16. Topics • Methodology of the project • Results of the project • Clinical activity • Epidemiology • Points of discussion

  17. Clinical activity of the Pediatric Nephrology Unit of HINMJR during the year 2007 Number of hospitalizations 818 Number of outpatient visits • Nephrology3096 • Urology 1842 Number of renal biopsies 29 Number of urodynamic tests 61

  18. Clinical activity of the Pediatric Nephrology Unit of HINMJR at 31 th of December 2007 Number of children with CRI/ESRD 166 Number of children treated with chronic HD 13 Number of children treated with PD 9 Number of transplanted children 17 • 2004 – 2007 14 • 2008 3

  19. Cumulative number of children with kidney and UT diseases entered in the database Pediatric Nephrology Unit of HINMJR (2002 – 2007) 2019 patients

  20. 300 Granada Jinotega Masaya 250 Leon Matagalpa 200 150 100 50 june-05 sept-05 dic-05 mar-05 june-06 sept-06 dic-06 mar-07 june-07 sept-07 dic-07 Cumulative number of children with kidney and UT diseases entered in the database District Hospitals (2005 – 2007) 858 patients Managua

  21. Main diagnoses of kidney and UT diseases in Nicaragua Pediatric Nephrology Unit of HINMJR (2002 – 2007) 2019 patients

  22. Main diagnoses of kidney and UT diseases in Nicaragua 5 District Hospitals (2005 – 2007) 858 patients

  23. Epidemiology of CRI in Nicaragua * Ardissino GL. et al. Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children data from ITALKID project (2003) Pediatrics 111;4:382-387

  24. Primary renal diseases causing CRI at HINJMR (2002 – 2007) 166 patients GFR:≤90ml/min/1,73

  25. Prevalence of CRI (patients/pmp) in the Nicaraguan Districts Districts inside the project Districts outside the project

  26. Follow-up of patients with CRI * Medical decision 27 % Family decision 48 % (socioeconomic reasons) Deceased before the onset of the RRT program 25 %

  27. Topics • Methodology of the project • Results of the project • Clinical activity • Epidemiology • Points of discussion

  28. Points of Discussion • The problem of allocation of financial resources to pediatric subspecialties by Health Ministries of developing countries • Low budget expected • More for primary care than for tertiary care • Top-down model (development of a central unit prior to peripheral hospitals) preferable for pediatric subspecialties? • Financial feasibility of the assistance to CKD/ESRD in a developing country and scaled transfer of the costs to the government

  29. Points of Discussion • Need for fund-raising programs from private and public institutions to finance a cooperation project • Role of data-bases to assess and monitor the efficacy of a project and to allocate financial resources • Ethical issues, like allocation of financial resources to dialysis/Tx vs prevention programs of CKD or selection criteria for patients in need for RRT • Extension of the cooperation model to other countries (methodological aid instead of financial aid)

  30. Is Cooperation with developing countries only an educational (teaching/training) issue? A provocative question No. There’s something more to do than just giving the instructions to catch the fish You should provide also (at least one) fishing rod

  31. What is the fishing rod? • Experience in the development and management of a Pediatric Nephrology Unit and Pediatric Nephrology Network • Financial resources, through fund-raising programs, both in the developing and industrialized countries • Experience in scientific communication

  32. What about scientific communication? • Need for discussing models of cooperation and confronting different experiences • Need for spreading a culture of cooperation among pediatric nephrologists Dedicated workshops? Publications in pediatric journals? Internet? Registry?

  33. Life is calling. How far will you go?

  34. Thanks

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