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Region, Ethnicity & Class

Region, Ethnicity & Class. Sarawak. National Mission Framework. Globally competitive, nationally integrated, social equitable Thrust 3: To address persistent socio-economic inequalities constructively and productively (income) poverty, strata, region, ethnicity strategies/approaches.

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Region, Ethnicity & Class

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  1. Region, Ethnicity & Class Sarawak

  2. National Mission Framework • Globally competitive, nationally integrated, social equitable • Thrust 3: To address persistent socio-economic inequalities constructively and productively • (income) poverty, strata, region, ethnicity • strategies/approaches

  3. Poverty: knowing & doing • What is poor? • Where are the poor? • Who are the poor? • Why are the poor? • What to do?

  4. Poverty Line • Welcome revision • most revealing for Sarawak (and Sabah): 26% incr in PLI - doubling of % poor, 3.8% to 7.5% • Oddities • between Sabah (>rural PLI) & Sarawak (>urban PLI) • ratio of food to total PLI • 60% of PLI (63% Sarawak; 57% Sabah), up from 50%

  5. Poverty Line (contd) • USD1/USD2 said to be too low for advanced developing country, but • USD1 = RM515 (old PLI RM588) • USD2 = RM1030 (new PLI RM691; RM765 Sarawak, RM888 Sabah)

  6. Inequality • What? • How much? • Who? • Why?

  7. Measuring Inequality • What to measure? • Income/Education/Health/Access • At what level? • State/District/Mukim/Village --Group/Household/Individual • Do the measures correlate? • E.g. income-educational attainment

  8. Measures correlate? • Indian: Bumiputera income ratio = 1.2, yet • 43% of Indians in Category 7&8 (MASCO 98), 6% in Agri, 7% in Crafts/Related Occupations, i.e., 56% in bottom 4 occupation categories • 27% of Bumiputera in Category 7&8, 17% in Agri, 7% in Crafts/Related Occupations, I.e., 50% in bottom 4 categories • next chart shows higher education attainment

  9. Measures measure? • Household income: • # of employed per household • is that a problem? • Average HH income vs Median HH income • Median has fallen further behind from 1999 to 2002 • Not available (anymore): wage surveys

  10. Region • State • Sarawak (and Sabah) as regions • Strata (Rural/Urban)

  11. Issue • State-wide measures are problematic in states of Peninsula, but almost meaningless in the case of Sarawak (and Sabah) • GDP -- too gross; incl oil & gas • State poverty rate • Health -- malaria; vaccination; access • Infrastructure • Thus, allocations and expenditure by state? • MP per capita allocations for Sarawak significantly lower than national per capita average, from low 63% (4MP) of national average to high 89% (8MP); 9MP 79%

  12. Penan • Pop, 2000: 12,000+ • Background: majority settled down within living memory • Most in most remote reaches; tough terrain • Timber extraction; plantation development • Vast majority poor, by almost any criteria • now poorer in food terms • ironically, less ‘mainstreamed’ better off, foodwise

  13. Useless indicators: Health example • State-wide statistics: can attain 99% with all Penan excluded • Who becomes invisible? • shock of Jan 2005 -- a local tsunami • Federal Govt: misplaced programmes • IMCI ruling

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