Peace of Conflict

1. Peace of Conflict Group 5 presentation on Chapter 9

2. Reasons for wars Ideologies Social level Economic level Cultural level

3. IDEOLOGY INTEGRATED BUT UNARTICULATED NETWORKS OF IDEAS UPON WHICH SOCIAL AND POILTICAL ACTIONS ARE OFTEN EXPLAINED, JUSTIFIED, AND IMPLEMENTED IDEOLOGY ARE ORGANINZED AROUND 1. RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS 2. SECULAR BELIEF SYSTEM 3. SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES = WAR EX) N. KOREA VS S. KOREA THE CRUSADES

4. SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS • MAXISM MODERN CAPITALISMTWO ANTAGONISTIC CLASSES(PROLETARIAT,BOURGEOISIE) BOURGEOISIE WILL OWN THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION AND CONTROL THE GOVERNMENT  CLASS STRUGGLE  WAR  COMMUNISM • CAPITALISM MAXIMUM ECONOMIC FREEDOM FOR MARKETS, THOUGHT, SPEECH, AND PROPERTY OWNERSHIP WARS ARE CAUSED MOST NOTABLY BY PERCEIVED THREATS TO HUMAN FREEDOM • FASCISM NATIONALISTIC/ MILITARIST EXTENSION OF CAPITALISM, A WORLDVIEW THAT PLACES GREAT RELIANCE ON SOCIAL RIGIDITY AND HIERACHY

5. IDEOLOGIES AND WARS • IDEOLOGIES CAN LEAD TO PERCAPTIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND ACTIVITIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO WAR MAKING World War II Nazi Germany vs Fascist Italy and Japan PRESIDENT WILSON CONGRESSIONAL DECLARATION OF WAR: “A steadfast concern for peace can never be maintained except by a partnership of democratic nations.” We are glad … to fight thus for the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples, the German peoples included; for the rights of nations great and small privilege of men everywhere to choose their own way of life and obedience… America is privileged to spend her blood and might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured… the world must be made safe for democracy Many wars were nonideological Communist Vietnam vs. Communist China in 1979

6. Democracies and Wars

7. Imperialism1850-1914 Imperialism: The takeover of a weaker country or territory by a strong nation and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life.

8. Imperialism • Until the 20th century, imperialism was widely accepted • Imperialism may have contributed directly to war and colonial oppression • Leninist view: • IMPERIALISM LEAD TO WAR • IMPERIALISM IS THE HIGHEST FORM OF CAPITALISM

9. Causes of Imperialism • The Industrial Revolution caused a need for resources to fuel industrial production in Europe and the United States • Where would these resources come from? • Africa • Asia • Latin America

10. Causes of Imperialism • Economic competition between European nations; new markets to sell their goods • The need of European nations to add colonies to their empires as a measure of national greatness • Growing racism, or the belief that one race was superior to another - Because they were more technologically advanced, many Europeans and Americans felt they had the right to dominate the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America

11. Causes of Imperialism • Social Darwinism: the idea that those who were fittest for survival and success were superior to others • Because of Social Darwinism, Europeans felt they had the right and duty to bring progress to other nations • Need to Christianize the people of Asia and Africa • Need to civilize and “westernize” others

12. What Enabled Imperialism? • Europeans’ technological superiority (including the machine gun) • Improvements in transportation to and within Asian and African colonies • Medical advances, such as Quinine, which protected Europeans from foreign diseases (malaria) • Disunity among ethnic groups in Africa

13. Imperialism in 1914

14. Modern Imperialism • USA in Iraq  • Britain in former African colonies like Zimbabwe or France in Rwanda and Ivory Coast

15. Neo-Imperialism and Dependency Theory • Neo-Imperialism – a policy whereby a major power uses economic and political means to perpetuate or extend its influence over underdeveloped nations or areas - at this time, countries focused on building their empire with new technological advances and developments, making their country bigger through conquest, and exploiting their resources.

16. Neo-Imperialism and Dependency Theory • Dependency Theory - the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

17. Forms of Imperialism

18. Forms of ImperialismTypes of Management

19. Reasons for wars Ideologies Social level Economic level Cultural level

20. Population Pressure Claim: “...expanding population drives a state to conquest…” More Population= CONQUEST!

21. Population Pressure Ex) Hitler -> Poland & Western USSR (German’s need for ‘LIVING SPACE’)

22. - Japan: More population but less aggressive (more population =/= CONQUEST) - Europe: Less population but suffered from Roman imperial wars & smaller “barbarian” wars & end of Pax Romana(Roman Peace) (less population =/= PEACE)

23. Personal Thought! When I read the part…. about population pressure, it reminded me of... the Human Overpopulation Theory!

24. Other Social Stresses • SMALLER states worry that they were at risk of being attacked by LARGER(more populous) states Ex) Belgium->France->Germany->Russia “Peace follows a war because there is nothing left to fight about” “Wars lead to national exhaustion and therefore to peace”

25. Personal Thought! When I read the part… about how peace can be achieved, it reminded me of… how theories and reality are different from each other!

27. Poverty as a Cause of War Orthodox Marxist “Wars are caused by CLASS STRUGGLES, including conflicts within societies as well as those between the upper classes of different societies for control over other countries.”

28. Poverty as a Cause of War President John F.Kennedy “Those who possess wealth and power in poor nations must accept their own responsibilities...Those who make PEACEFUL revolution impossible will make VIOLENT revolution INEVITABLE.”

29. Poverty and Domestic Unrest However!! Poverty does not inevitably breed war INCREASING PROSPERITY&EXPECTATION DOES!! “...the crucial point at which a society becomes usually violent depends less on so-called objective conditions than on a gap between prevailing conditions and a public expectation…”

30. Wars and Social Change • Civil wars disparity exists between 1) forces of socioeconomic change 2) ability (of existing political structure) to accommodate the changes

31. Economic conditions can INDIRECTLY cause international war: 1) outright physical hunger of French people 2) French Revolution 3) new republican government (threat to Europe) 4) invasion of France to suppress revolution 5) Napoleonic Wars

32. Poverty as a Restraint on war Poverty- “...more likely to RESTRAIN military adventuring of states than to encourage it.” Wars are EXPENSIVE!!!!!

33. Personal Thought! When I read the part… about the relationship between poverty and war, it reminded me of…

34. Reasons for wars Ideologies Social level Economic level Cultural level

35. The military industrial complex - past • Money making factors of causing war • History of the past. Ex). Warrior kings, middle ages, the Chinese, Japanese • Conspiracy of George W. Bush • Profit of certain cities – esp with creating weapons Ex) Philippines and Japan • Current situation too enhances reason why causing war is beneficial

36. The military industrial complex - Now • Arms sales have been the number one export for France and Israel • In US during latter part of 20th century, 10% of all business derived from military related production • Creation of more jobs • In terms of natural resources, foods. Ex). China – Japan controversy over Diaoyudao, Korea- Japan over Dokdo • Booming of economies – In the past the cold war, now for growing power China.

37. The Economic effects of wars • Location is crucial – Not in own land • Early cause of Industrial revolution in Britain • Positive about effect of wars – premium for iron • Negative view – During the 90s better economy • Angola’s case spending of 60% income in military + Sudan • Support of the UN and other African nations didn’t help due to too much expenditure

38. The effects of military spending • Economic criticisms of military spending • Employment • Inflation • Deficits • Productivity • Unmet social needs

39. Group opinion and interviews • “It’s partly true and historical been proven that causation of war is economic factor, but its not the biggest part.” • “If peace prolongs too long wars occur due to human desire of more resource, territory, and especially money.” • “I think its imperative that wars don’t occur due to economic reasons, because even countries like Israel which lacks both in resource and territory demonstrated the possibility of succeeding economically.” • “Its true that the great depression ended partly by causation of WW2, but economy just like supply and demand curve has ups and downs, so we should not count on war as the one of bring back the economy.

40. Reasons for wars Ideologies Social level Economic level Cultural level

41. Do we go to war due to different cultures? • Maybe, yes. • The Persian War(Greek vs Persian) in B.C. 5th century

42. Culture? Civilization? What’s culture? “The systematic body of learned behavior which is transmitted from parents to children” - Margaret Mead - What’s civilization? “An advanced stage of human society, where people live with a reasonable degree of organization and comfort and can think about things like art and education”

43. THE “CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS” • “In the post-cold war world, the most important distinctions among peoples are no ideological, political or economic. They are cultural. Clash between civilizations is the greatest threat to the world peace.” Samuel P. Huntington(1927-2008) : A conservative political scientist from the United States 

44. Huntington’s view There has been a certain world order all the times • In the 1920s, there was a bipolar world • In the 1960s, there was a tripolar world during the Cold War era

45. THE “CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS” Since 1990, it’s a multipolar “world of Civilizations” composed of nine centers Orthodox Western Sinic Buddhist Japanese Islamic Hindu Latin American African

46. The Contemporary World Order • Possibilities of “Major inter-civilizational war” A Sino/American conflict (The United State vs China) Muslim vs Non-muslim

47. How to maintain the world peace? • “The abstention rule”(No intervention) • “The meditation rule” (Soft power, Negotiation) • “The commonalities rule” (the values, institutions, and practices) – extend common ground with people of other civilizations Huntington’s three rules

48. Critical views on the “Clash of Civilization” • No intervention at all?? - Rwanda Genocide and ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s • Still “The West” supremacy - Huntington said “in the multipolar world, western civilization led by the U.S. must maintain its “superiority” over other civilizations.” • The era of nuclear weapons - In the nuclear age, a clash between nuclear-armed civilizations is likely to end the both.

49. Group perspective Ideologies Social level Economic level Cultural level Q. What was the most helpful in understanding contemporary international conflicts? Each approach has its own convincing point in explaining the reason for wars. However, no one factor could effectively account for all conflicts. A conflict entails a complex mixture of reasons from different aspects.So, we think we can understand it best when all factors are considered together.

50. Thank you