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Mesopotamia Egypt Middle East

Mesopotamia Egypt Middle East. Mesopotamia . Tigris & Euphrates Rivers Fertile flooding Sumer 1 st advanced civilization 12 villages develop into City-States Independent, self-governing community, city w/ surrounding farmlands Ziggurat --  of social & economic life. Sumer.

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Mesopotamia Egypt Middle East

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  1. MesopotamiaEgyptMiddle East

  2. Mesopotamia • Tigris & Euphrates Rivers • Fertileflooding • Sumer1st advanced civilization • 12 villages develop into City-States • Independent, self-governing community, city w/ surrounding farmlands • Ziggurat-- of social & economic life

  3. Sumer • Wheel & sail • Take advantage of water systems • Transportation & trade • Bazaar—common marketplace; easier to barter • Cuneiform • Wedge-shaped

  4. Sargon the Great • 2350 BC • 1st emperor (Akkad) • Conquered several areas—brought under control • Created 1st EMPIRE

  5. Hammurabi • Mesopotamian • Assimilation of cultures—elements continue • Code of Hammurabi • 1st written & published set of laws • Women’s rights? some

  6. Mesopotamian Religion & Law • Polytheism—belief in more than 1 god • Sumerian city-states believed they were owned by the gods • Gods chose rulers & protected city-states • Much superstition

  7. MesopotamiaEgyptMiddle East

  8. Mesopotamia • Tigris & Euphrates Rivers • Fertileflooding • Sumer1st advanced civilization • 12 villages develop into City-States • Independent, self-governing community, city w/ surrounding farmlands • Ziggurat-- of social & economic life

  9. Sumer • Wheel & sail • Take advantage of water systems • Transportation & trade • Bazaar—common marketplace; easier to barter • Cuneiform • Wedge-shaped

  10. Sargon the Great • 2350 BC • 1st emperor (Akkad) • Conquered several areas—brought under control • Created 1st EMPIRE

  11. Mesopotamian Religion & Law • Polytheism—belief in more than 1 god • Sumerian city-states believed they were owned by the gods • Gods chose rulers & protected city-states • Much superstition

  12. Mesopotamians & Scholarship • Mathematics & Astronomy • Multiplication/division • Geometry • System based on 60 • 360 degrees in  • 60 minutes in an hour • Based on star observations • 12 month calendar based on cycles of the moon

  13. How do we know all this stuff? • The BEHISTUN ROCK • Found in 1840s in western Iran • 3 types of writing • Persian • Babylonian • Elamite • Henry Rawlinson

  14. Egypt • Hired scribes kept records • Hieroglyphics—sacred carving • “Learn to write, for this will be of greater advantage to you than all the other trades.” • How to translate?

  15. Rosetta Stone • Napoleon’s Army Engineers—1799 • 3 kinds of writing • Hieroglyphics • Greek • Recent Egyptian script

  16. Other guys in the Middle East • Hittites • Phoenicians • Hebrews • Assyrians • Babylonians • Lydians • Persians

  17. Phoenicians • Main contributions: • Sea vessels • Sailors, shipbuilders, merchants • Purple cloth • Clear glass • Writing system based on early alphabet

  18. Hebrews • Monotheism • Hebrew religion—Judaism • Torah—1st 5 books of the Old Testament • Prophets—messengers from God

  19. Assyrians • Skilled/ruthless warriors • Iron weapons • War chariots • Battering rams • Terrorists • Built library @ Ninevah • Adopted religion, art, literature of Mesopotamia

  20. Babylonians • Nebuchadnezzar—enslaved Hebrews • Conquered much of Fertile Crescent • Hanging Gardens of Babylon • Rebuilt ziggurat of Marduk • Rebuilt Babylon into fabulous city

  21. Lydians • Main contribution • Used coins for trade instead of direct barter • Standard weight of gold, silver, other metals • Molded into disks • Create MONEY ECONOMY—economic system based on the use of money • What is money?

  22. Persians • 547 BC • Cyrus the Great • Largest empire in the ancient world • Released Hebrews from captivity • Conquered rest of Fertile Crescent • Conquered Asia Minor

  23. Persia • Darius the Great • Extended Persia into North Africa • Failed in conquest of Greece 490 BC • However: Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, Judea, Phoenicia, Hittites, & Lydians under 1 rule • BIG AREA—how to control?

  24. Persia • Main contributions • Improved/extended roads • Unified use of coins • Unified weights & measures • Government officials spoke same language—Aramaic • Postal system (pony express) • Zoroastrianism—humans have choice between doing good & doing evil; good will triumph at the end of the world (destroyed by fire)

  25. Mesopotamians & Scholarship • Mathematics & Astronomy • Multiplication/division • Geometry • System based on 60 • 360 degrees in  • 60 minutes in an hour • Based on star observations • 12 month calendar based on cycles of the moon

  26. How do we know all this stuff? • The BEHISTUN ROCK • Found in 1840s in western Iran • 3 types of writing • Persian • Babylonian • Elamite • Henry Rawlinson

  27. Egypt • Society based on Nile River—3 seasons • Flood • Drying out to pre-flood levels • Rainless time before flood • Transportation • Adjacent deserts protects Egypt from enemies

  28. Egypt • Religion • Polytheistic • Amon-Re • Life after death (mummification & belongings) • 3100 BC Menes formed 1 kingdom • Memphis—capital • Established 1stdynasty—family of rulers

  29. Important!!Pharaohs individual power weakened from time to time, but the empire always continued. This changed when Alexander the Great invaded in 300BC.

  30. Constants to remember:Empire starts, empire builds and increases, empire decays from within (corrupt rulers, natural disasters, etc.), empire dies.The culture remains!

  31. Egypt • Hired scribes kept records • Hieroglyphics—sacred carving • “Learn to write, for this will be of greater advantage to you than all the other trades.” • How to translate?

  32. Rosetta Stone • Napoleon’s Army Engineers—1799 • 3 kinds of writing • Hieroglyphics • Greek • Recent Egyptian script

  33. Other guys in the Middle East • Hittites • Phoenicians • Hebrews • Assyrians • Babylonians • Lydians • Persians

  34. Hittites • Main contribution • Iron weapons • Kept secret about 200 years • Empire decline • IRON AGEtoday

  35. Phoenicians • Main contributions: • Sea vessels • Sailors, shipbuilders, merchants • Purple cloth • Clear glass • Writing system based on early alphabet

  36. Hebrews • Monotheism • Hebrew religion—Judaism • Torah—1st 5 books of the Old Testament • Prophets—messengers from God

  37. Assyrians • Skilled/ruthless warriors • Iron weapons • War chariots • Battering rams • Terrorists • Built library @ Ninevah • Adopted religion, art, literature of Mesopotamia

  38. Babylonians • Nebuchadnezzar—enslaved Hebrews • Conquered much of Fertile Crescent • Hanging Gardens of Babylon • Rebuilt ziggurat of Marduk • Rebuilt Babylon into fabulous city

  39. Lydians • Main contribution • Used coins for trade instead of direct barter • Standard weight of gold, silver, other metals • Molded into disks • Create MONEY ECONOMY—economic system based on the use of money • What is money?

  40. Persians • 547 BC • Cyrus the Great • Largest empire in the ancient world • Released Hebrews from captivity • Conquered rest of Fertile Crescent • Conquered Asia Minor

  41. Persia • Darius the Great • Extended Persia into North Africa • Failed in conquest of Greece 490 BC • However: Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, Judea, Phoenicia, Hittites, & Lydians under 1 rule • BIG AREA—how to control?

  42. Persia • Main contributions • Improved/extended roads • Unified use of coins • Unified weights & measures • Government officials spoke same language—Aramaic • Postal system (pony express) • Zoroastrianism—humans have choice between doing good & doing evil; good will triumph at the end of the world (destroyed by fire)

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