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A People in Revolution

Explore the pivotal moments and key figures of the American Revolution, from the first moves in 1776 to the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Learn about military operations, diplomatic efforts, and the social impact of the war. Discover how the Founding Fathers navigated challenges to establish a new national government post-independence.

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A People in Revolution

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  1. 6 A People in Revolution

  2. A People in Revolution • The War for American Independence • The Experience of War • Peacetime Opportunities and Challenges • Toward a New National Government • Conclusion: Completing the Revolution

  3. The War for American Independence

  4. First Moves • 1776, British hold Boston • Move headquarters to New York City • Remain there until end of war • George III attempts reconciliation • Declaration of Independence to be revoked • No possibility for reconciliation

  5. The War for Independence1776-1778 • War in the North • War moves across Pennsylvania, New Jersey • Americans take Montréal • American victory at Saratoga • French join the American side • Continental Congress • Lacked power to prosecute the war • Washington given extraordinary powers

  6. Military Operations in the North, 1776–1780

  7. The War for Independence:1778 to 1782 • Britain targets southern states • Georgia removed from war • Loyalist following never really materializes • Nathanael Greene sent south • Uses guerilla tactics • Cornwallis moves through Virginia • Reaches Yorktown, August, 1781 • French fleet cuts British off • Cornwallis surrenders, October, 1781

  8. Military Operations in the South, 1778–1781

  9. Indians in the Revolution • Iroquois Six Nations hold northern interior • Southern interior • Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, Creek, Cherokee • Cherokee launch raids in 1776 • Their defeat sends a signal to other tribes

  10. Indians in the Revolution (cont'd) • Joseph Brant brings in Iroquois • Involvement devastating for both sides • Oneida and Tuscarora join Americans

  11. Joseph Brant

  12. Peace • Negotiations begin September, 1781 • Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay • League of Armed Neutrality • Formed against Britain • Extension of Revolutionary War • Treaty of Paris, 1783 • American independence • Western border at Mississippi • Restoration of loyalists property

  13. Explaining American Victory • Assistance from France and the Netherlands • Washington’s leadership • Britain unable to use its advantages • Poor information • Inflexible

  14. The Experience of War

  15. Recruiting an Army • Perhaps 250,000 Americans fight • As war continues, enthusiasm flags • Those fighting increasingly poorer, convicts • Supplies poorly manages • Letter from a Revolutionary War Soldier (1776)

  16. Military Muster Rolls

  17. Military Muster Rolls

  18. Impact of the War • Civilian life • Inflation, currency problems • Urban areas disrupted by occupations

  19. New York City Burning

  20. Loyalists • Many evacuate with British after the war • Revenge against some • Rationale • Some loyal because of duty to government • Some feared democratic society

  21. African Americans in the South • Southern slaves seen as pawns • To be used by British as a resource • Feared as weakness by southern whites • Lord Dunmore promises freedom • In exchange for fighting for British • Many join British to gain freedom • Many leave after war

  22. Resettlement of Black Loyalists After the Revolution

  23. African Americans (cont’d) • Northern slaves petition state legislatures • Slave Petition to the Governor of Massachusetts (1774) • Slave Petition to the General Assembly in Connecticut

  24. Peacetime Opportunities and Challenges

  25. Transition to Peace:Major Issues • Dissenters press for religious freedom • Extended to some groups • Virginia establishes separation of church and state • Catholics, Muslims still politically disenfranchised

  26. Transition to Peace:Major Issues (cont'd) • Slavery • Most states halt influx of slaves by 1790 • Challenged in New England, Chesapeake • Pennsylvania frees children of slaves in 1780 • The West • Land grant ordinances, 1785, 1787 • Northwest Ordinance, 1789

  27. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

  28. Transition to Peace:Economic Problems • Britain • Controls Canada, occupies western forts • British ports closed to American commerce • France, Spain • Restrictions on American commerce • American exports fall, repayment of debt difficult • Robert Morris restructures finances

  29. Exports and Imports,1768–1783

  30. Transition to Peace:Economic Problems (cont’d) • Surge of conservatism • Pennsylvania’s new Constitution conservative • Massachusetts • Unsound credit • British call in loans • Farmers petition government, with no effect • Daniel Shays leads rebellion, 1787

  31. Toward a New National Government

  32. A New National Government:Federalism • Federalists – support strong national government • Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Jay • Shays’s uprising a signal for stronger government • Government needs power to tax • Anti-Federalists – support states’ rights

  33. A New National Government:Constitutional Convention • Only briefed to revise Articles of Confederation • James Madison • Central figure • Introduces Virginia Plan • Largely responsible for Constitution

  34. James Madison, Father of the Constitution

  35. A New National Government:Drafting the Constitution • Virginia Plan • Proportional representation • Favors large states • New Jersey Plan • Gives Congress right to tax • Equal representation

  36. A New National Government:Drafting the Constitution (cont’d) • Great Compromise • Representation differs in Senate and House • Direct taxes based on population • Electoral College

  37. A New National Government:Drafting the Constitution (cont’d) • Slavery • Opposed by many • Question of slave trade tabled for twenty years • Fugitive Slave Clause • Convention adjourns, September, 1787 • Three abstain from approval • Sent to Congress for ratification

  38. A New National Government:Federalist Debates • Federalist versus Anti-Federalists • Federalist Papers published • Nine states needed • Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey first • New York and Virginia slow to ratify • Rhode Island the last: May, 1790

  39. A New National Government:Struggle over Ratification • Geographic factors • Federalists along coasts, rivers

  40. Federalist and Anti-Federalist Areas, 1787–1788

  41. Conclusion:Completing the Revolution

  42. Conclusion:Completing the Revolution • Period from 1776 to 1788 • First period of nation building • Unexplored realm of creating a nation • Consequences of wars of independence • Destruction, disruption • Relations with Native Americans impacted • Many new questions about governance

  43. Timeline

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