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Volcanoes & Climate

Volcanoes & Climate. Science Concepts SO 2 Effect. Volcanic Activity Effect on Climate Mt. Pinatubo. The Earth System (Kump, Kastin & Crane) • Chap. 15 (pp. 299-302). The Earth’s Climate System. Physical Climate Systems. Climate Change. Atmospheric Physics/Dynamics. Sun. Ocean

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Volcanoes & Climate

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  1. Volcanoes & Climate Science Concepts SO2 Effect Volcanic Activity Effect on Climate Mt. Pinatubo The Earth System (Kump, Kastin & Crane) • Chap. 15 (pp. 299-302)

  2. The Earth’s Climate System Physical Climate Systems Climate Change Atmospheric Physics/Dynamics Sun Ocean Dynamics Terrestrial Energy/Moisture Human Activities External Forcing Stratospheric Chemistry/Dynamics Human Forcing Soil CO2 Global Moisture Land Use Marine/ Biogeochemistry Terrestrial Ecosystems Volcanoes Tropospheric Chemistry CO2 Pollu- tants Biogeochemical Systems

  3. Volcanoes & Climate Ben Franklin Observation • Benjamin Franklin was serving the United States as an ambassador to France and living in Paris when Laki volcano in Iceland erupted During several of the summer months of the year 1783, when the effect of the sun’s rays to heat the earth in these northern regions should have been greatest, there existed a constant fog over all Europe, and great part of North America. This fog was of a permanent nature; it was dry, and the rays of the sun seemed to have little effect towards dissipating it, as they easily do a moist fog, arising from water. They were indeed rendered so faint in passing through it, that when collected in the focus of a burning glass, they would scarce kindle brown paper. Of course, their summer effect in heating the earth was exceedingly diminished. Hence the earth was early frozen, Hence the first snows remained on it unmelted, and received continual additions. Hence the air was more chilled, and the winds more severely cold. Hence perhaps the winter of 1783-4, was more severe, than any that had happened for many years.

  4. Volcanoes & Climate Ben Franklin Observation (Con’t) The cause of this universal fog is not yet ascertained. Whether it was adventitious to this earth, and merely a smoke, proceeding from the consumption by fire of some of those great burning balls or globes which we happen to meet within our rapid course round the sun, and which are sometimes seen to kindle and be destroyed in passing our atmosphere, and whose smoke might be attracted and retained by our earth; or whether it was the vast quantity of smoke, long continuing to issue during the summer from Hecla in Iceland, and that other volcano which arose out of the sea near that island, which smoke might be spread by various winds, over the northern part of the world, is yet uncertain. Franklin, B., Meteorological imaginations and conjectures, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Memoirs and Proceedings, 2, 122, 1784. [Reprinted in Weatherwise, 35, p. 262, 1982.]

  5. Volcanoes & Climate • National Public Radio story - “How a Volcano Eruption Wiped Away Summer” by Michael Sullivan 10/22/07 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15448607 “Darkness” By Lord Byron I had a dream, which was not all a dream. The bright sun was extinguish'd, and the stars Did wander darkling in the eternal space, Rayless, and pathless, and the icy earth Swung blind and blackening in the moonless air; Morn came and went—and came, and brought no day, And men forgot their passions in the dread Of this their desolation; and all hearts Were chill'd into a selfish prayer for light: And they did live by watchfires—and the thrones, The palaces of crowned kings—the huts,. . . • Written summer of 1816 when Percy Bysshe Shelley, his wife Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (wrote novel “Frankenstein”), and their friend Lord Byron went to Lake Geneva, Switzerland for their summer holiday. • Tambora in Indonesia erupted in 1815 and produced the “Year Without a Summer” (1816)

  6. Volcanoes & Climate 1960-1995 Volcanic Activity • Red triangles indicate volcanoes http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a000100/a000155/index.html

  7. Volcanoes & Climate Volcanic Global Cooling • Volcanoes eject sulfur dioxide (SO2) and other gases during eruptions • SO2 combines and H2O in the stratosphere to form fine droplets or “aerosols” of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) that form a haze • Haze increases the atmospheric albedo, thus reducing the solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface • Example: - Mt Tambora in Indonesia (1815) - 1816 - Year without a summer - June snows; frost in July and August in the northeast - New England temperatures cooler than normal; 2-4°C in July; 1-2°C in August - Caused 80% reduction in harvest http://www-sage3.larc.nasa.gov/solar/learning-aerosol.html

  8. Tree-Ring Width Vs Year of Eruption• Growth index for the 24 largest volcanoesTemperature Vs Year of Eruption• Composite global surface temperature change near the time of the five volcanoes producing the greatest optical depths since 1880: Krakatau (1883), Santa Maria (1902), Agung (1963), El Chichon (1982) and Pinatubo (1991) Volcanoes & Climate http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/intro/hansen_02/

  9. Volcanoes & Climate Estimated Effects of Volcanoes VolcanoLatitudeDateDT (°C) St. Helens 46°N 1980 <0.1 Agung 8°S 1963 <0.05 El Chichon 17°N 1982 <0.4 Krakatau 6°S 1883 0.3 Tambora 8°S 1815 0.5 Toba 3°N 7,000 B.P. large? Laki 64°N 1783-84 1.0? Roza 47°N 4,000 B.P. large?

  10. Mt. Pinatubo Erupted 9 June 1991 After Several Hundred Years of Inactivity• Description - Location: Philippines - Latitude: 15.13 N, Longitude: 120.35 E - Height: 1,745 meters before June 15, 1991 eruption - Height: 1,485 meters (high point caldera rim) after eruption - Second in size to eruption of Katmai, Alaska (1912) - Ten times larger than Mt St. Helens eruption in 1980 - Ash cloud rose 30- 35 km into the sky http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/ Philippines/Pinatubo/ images.html http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/usgs/maps.cfm#philippines

  11. Mt. Pinatubo Mt. Pintatubo Eruption - June 1991 http://hannover.park.org/Philippines/pinatubo/ http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Philippines/Pinatubo/images.html

  12. Mt. Pinatubo Mt. Pintatubo Ash at Clark Air Force Base Spread of Mt. Pintatubo Ash and Gases http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/ Philippines/Pinatubo/images.html

  13. Mt. Pinatubo Nimbus-7 Sulfur DioxideJune 17 June 19 http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_edu.pack/p35.html

  14. Mt. Pinatubo Nimbus-7Sulfur DioxideJune 16June 19June 22June 25

  15. Mt. Pinatubo SAGE II 1020 m Stratospheric Optical Depth15 Apr- 25 May 199114 Jun- 26 Jul 199113 Feb- 26 Mar 1993 http://www-sage2.larc.nasa.gov/introduction/

  16. Volcanoes & Climate Volcanic Eruptions• Atmospheric SO2 detected by TOMS per volcano since 1979 http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_2.html

  17. Volcanoes & Climate SAGE II1020 mStrato-sphericOpticalDepth http://www-sage2.larc.nasa.gov/introduction/

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