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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. Organic Molecules. Molecules that have a carbon skeleton and covalent carbon-hydrogen bonds Can be man made. Carbon. Can form 4 covalent bonds. Allows for molecular diversity in shape and length. Miller/Urey Experiment. Review of Functional Groups.

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry

  2. Organic Molecules • Molecules that have a carbon skeleton and covalent carbon-hydrogen bonds • Can be man made

  3. Carbon • Can form 4 covalent bonds • Allows for molecular diversity in shape and length

  4. Miller/Urey Experiment

  5. Review of Functional Groups • ID the various functional groups in the following molecules…

  6. Phosphate Adenosine

  7. Carboxyl group (COOH) It’s a fatty acid… why acid?

  8. Ethanol… alcohol in adult beverages OH… looks like ____... Alcohol can make you do these types of things…

  9. Alanine Amino  NH2 Carboxyl  COOH (think about what this is going to do when in a solution) What is alanine an example of? There are 20 of them.

  10. Aldehyde • Think… formaldehyde stinks… put it on the end! • Ketone trick?

  11. Proteins • More than 50% of the dry weight of an organism • Made of smaller subunits (monomers) amino acids

  12. Amino Acids • Amino Group • Carboxyl Group • Hydrogen Atom • R group (20 different  different properties)

  13. Proteins • Amino Acids connected by Peptide Bonds • Dipeptide • Polypeptide

  14. Groove (a) A ribbon model Figure 5.19 Protein Structure

  15. Protein Structure • Primary- Chain of amino acids • Secondary- Due to H-Bonds between amino acids

  16. Protein Structure • Tertiary- “Active” Shape • H-Bonds between R-groups • Ionic Bonds between R- groups • Nonpolarity (pushed together by water) • Sulfur bridges (covalent bond between 2 cysteines) • Van der waals attractions

  17. Protein Structure • Quarternary Structure • Joining of two or more polypeptide chains

  18. Groove Figure 5.19 (a) A ribbon model

  19. Directions • Pick up an amino acid sequence, scissors, and tape • Grad JUST the amino acids you will need from the back and 9 water molecules (they’re in sheets of 13 so cut them apart) • Assemble your amino acids showing what must be removed to put your amino acids together • ANSWER THE FOLLOWING 1/GROUP (put both names on)

  20. Questions to turn in at the end of the period • What is the polymer that is created when amino acids are bonded together? • What 2 functional groups are present on EVERY amino acid (name & draw) • If all amino acids share 2 functional groups then why are they different? EXPLAIN. • What reaction must occur in order to break a chain of amino acids into individual amino acids? • What must happen to a chain of amino acids to make it a protein?

  21. Fig. 5.1 Shows all the functions proteins can have:

  22. Groups • Catalysts- Enzymes  speed up rates of chem. rxns • Structural- for support; hair, silk, connective tissue • Storage- source of amino acids for young

  23. Groups • Transport- of other substances • Hormonal- coordinates and directs regulation of organisms • Receptors- decide what comes in/out of cells

  24. Groups • Transcription factors- tells cells what to make • Motor- make up muscles, cilia, flagella, etc • Defensive- antibodies

  25. Enzymes • Organic Catalysts • Lower Activation Energy • May need a coenzyme in order to function

  26. Factors affecting enzymes • Do the Lab!!!

  27. Isomers • Isomers- Molecules with same atoms but different arrangement and properties

  28. Functional Groups • Groups of atoms that give a molecule specific properties

  29. Hydroxyl • Alcohols

  30. Carbonyl • Ketones, formaldehyde

  31. Carboxyl • “Organic” Acids

  32. Amino • Amino Acids

  33. Sulfhydryl • Found in proteins

  34. Phosphate OR • Phospholipids, Nucleotides

  35. Building Macromolecules • Monomers- Small organic molecules that can be linked together • Polymers- Big things (monomers linked together)

  36. Building • Condensation (dehydration synthesis): connects 2 molecules. • One molecule loses an H, the other loses an OH • One water molecule is formed

  37. Taking Apart • Hydrolysis- Breaking down a polymer • Requires a water molecule

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