Chapter 4 Notes

1. Chapter 4 Notes The Growth of a New Nation AHSGE Social Studies Review

2. Vocabulary/ Terms/ People • Tariff of 1816- Congress protected American industries from competing with lower priced European goods by raising taxes on imports • Manifest Destiny- the belief that it was God’s will that the US expand and possess the entire continent (sea to shining sea) • Underground Railroad- a network of people who helped slaves escape to the North

3. Vocabulary/ Terms/ People • Reservations- tiny parcels of poor land where Indians were sent to live • Utopia- an ideal community where all would live in peace and harmony • Suffragette- women who worked for women’s right to vote • Celibacy- single life without sex • Annexed- added • Abolish- put an end to it

4. James Monroe • Fifth President of the United States • Era of Good Feeling • Mood during Monroe’s presidency • Marked by optimism and national unity

5. Monroe Doctrine • Promise by President Monroe to prevent European nations from recolonizing North and South America • The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of European countries or independent countries in the Americas • The US would oppose any European intervention in independent countries in the Americas as an unfriendly act • The American continents should not be considered for further colonization by European countries

6. Land Acquisitions/ Exploration • Treaty of Paris (1783)- • Signed by Great Britain and US at the end of the Revolutionary War • Britain recognized the independence of the United States • The US now had established and recognized borders (Canada to the North, the Mississippi River to the West, the Atlantic Ocean on the East, and the northern border of Spanish Florida in the South)

7. Land Acquisitions/ Exploration • Land Ordinance of 1785- • Written under the Articles of Confederation • Land area from the Ohio River to the Mississippi River would be made into new states • Each area had to meet a population requirement to apply for statehood

8. Land Acquisitions/ Exploration • Northwest Ordinance (1787)- • Allowed for the creation of 3-5 states in the Northwest Territory • It prohibited slavery in the territory • People who lived there were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and access to free public education • Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana were formed from this territory

9. Land Acquisitions/ Exploration • Louisiana Purchase- • Purchased by the US from France/ Napoleon for $15 million • This land purchased was the largest land purchase made by the US and doubled the size of the US • Marked a turning point- US began seeking economic prosperity from the new western lands instead of England

10. Land Acquisitions/ Exploration • Lewis and Clark Expedition- • Set out from St. Louis to explore Louisiana Purchase to the coast of the Pacific Ocean • Sacajawea- interpreter (translator) and guide for Louis and Clark • Alabama- became a state in 1819

11. Territorial Expansion, 1783-1853

12. Territorial Expansion, 1783-1853 • 1783- Treaty of Paris (Original United States territory) • 1803- Louisiana Purchase • 1818- Territory ceded by Britain • 1819- Alabama became a state • 1819- Florida Cession • 1845- Texas Annexation • 1846- Oregon Territory • 1848- Mexican Cession • 1853- Gadsden Purchase

13. Important Inventions • Eli Whitney • Invented the cotton gin • Introduced the idea of interchangeable parts • Robert Fulton- developed the first effective steamboat called the Clermont • George Stephenson- steam powered locomotive called the Rocket

14. Henry Clay’s American System • Henry Clay- • Senator from Kentucky • Proposed the American System- a balance between those favoring state’s rights and strong federal government • American System • Tariff of 1816- raised taxes on imports • Internal improvements (Roads and canals) • National Bank- the Second Bank of the United States stabilized currency and held government funds

15. Roads and Canals • National Road- federally funded road from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois • Erie Canal- • Linked Buffalo, NY on Lake Erie with Albany, NY on the Hudson River • Started a new era of transportation and prosperity for New York

16. Andrew Jackson • First man born into poverty that became president • Jacksonian Democracy- property qualifications for voting white males were dropped during his presidency • Developed the spoils system- policy of removing political opponents from government and replacing them with political friends

17. Andrew Jackson • Doctrine of Nullification • Promoted by Senator John Calhoun from South Carolina • Doctrine stated that if Congress passes a bill that is harmful to a particular state, that state is not obliged to enforce the federal law • If ¾ of the states believed a law unconstitutional, the law would be null and void

18. Andrew Jackson • Indian Removal Act- • Five Native American nations were required to move to land west of the Mississippi River (Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminoles) • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled the Indian Nations had a right to stay • President Jackson ignored the Supreme Court ruling and sent troops to force the removal of the Indians

19. Andrew Jackson • Trail of Tears- the journey of thousands of Creek, Cherokee, and Choctaws who were forced to leave their homelands in the Southeast and move to reservations in Oklahoma • Reservations- tiny parcels of poor land where Indians were sent to live

20. The Trails • Oregon Trail- • Started by Nathaniel Wyeth • Led an expedition to colonize the coast of Oregon by the Columbia River • Colonization attempt failed, but it did provide a way for settlers to reach the Pacific Coast

21. The Trails • The Mormon Trail- • Led by Brigham Young • Left Navoo, Illinois and traveled to the Salt Lake area of present day Utah • The California Trail • Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill near Sacramento • Tens of thousands began migrating to California in search of gold • Trail began in Independence, Missouri

22. The Trails • Santa Fe Trail- • Trail started at Independence, Missouri • Was a wagon route that President Monroe ordered established to increase trading with Mexico in Santa Fe

23. Literature of the US • Noah Webster- produced the first American dictionary to distinguish language of the US from Britain • Ralph Waldo Emerson- essayist and a poet and a leader in the transcendental movement (spiritual unity of creation) • Henry David Thoreau- writer, philosopher, and naturalist; works are “Walden” and “Civil Disobedience” • Emily Dickenson- regarded as one of the most influential poets of the US

24. Social Utopias • Utopia- an ideal community where all would live in peace and harmony • Amish- • A Christian sect that established farming communities in Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and Canada • Lived a life of simplicity and hard work • Quakers • Founded by George Fox • Believed in personal divine revelation • Objected to war and slavery

25. Social Reform Movements • Temperance Movement- advocated total abstinence from alcohol • Maine Laws- regulated or prohibited the sale of alcohol • Abolition Movement- advocated laws to abolish slavery • Harriet Tubman- escaped slavery and helped lead other slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad

26. Social Reform Movements • Frederick Douglass- former slave who spoke for the abolition movement • Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin • William Lloyd Garrison- founded an influential, anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator; helped establish the national American Anti-slavery Society • Sojourner Truth- African American leader of abolition and women’s rights

27. Social Reform Movements • Women’s Rights Movement • Elizabeth Cady Stanton- organized the first women’s rights convention known as the Seneca Falls Convention • Susan B Anthony- supported the temperance movement to ban alcohol, the abolition of slavery, and women’s rights movement • 19th amendment- women’s right to vote

28. Social Reform Movements • Dorothea Dix- improved housing for mentally ill and prisoners • Horace Mann- first state Board of Education in the United States