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Sporogenesis. Fig. 8 in Moran 2004. Fern Spore Types. Trilete Spores. Bilete Spores. Spore Wall Components. Perispore (Derived from Sporangium). Exine (Secreted from Within). Intine (Secreted from Within). Green Spores. Green Spores: 1) Comprise 7% of Fern Spores
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Sporogenesis Fig. 8 in Moran 2004
Fern Spore Types Trilete Spores Bilete Spores
Spore Wall Components Perispore (Derived from Sporangium) Exine (Secreted from Within) Intine (Secreted from Within)
Green Spores Green Spores: 1) Comprise 7% of Fern Spores 2) Contain Chlorophyll 3) Germinate Quickly (1-3 Days after Sowing) 4) Have Short Viability (Days to Months)
Non-Green Spores Non-Green Spores 1) Lack Chlorophyll 2) Can remain Dormant for Years 3) Can form Spore Banks in Soil 4) Buried Spores can be induced to Germinate by Secreted Hormones 5) When exposed to Light, Induced to Germinate
Germinating Spore Fig. 5.8 in Ranker and Haufler 2008
Gametophyte Development: Adiantum Type (I) Fig. 13-28 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Fern Gametophyte Development II: Ceratopteris Type Gametophyte Development (I) Fig. 13-28 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Antheridiogen Effects II Fig. 5.8 in Ranker and Haufler 2008
Alternative to Sex: Asexual Reproduction (Buds) Bulbet Fern (Cystopteris bulbifera)
Alternative to Sex: Asexual Reproduction (Buds) Walking Fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum)
Apogamy (Production of sporophyte without fusion of gametes) (Asplenum, Cheilanthes, Pellaea, etc.)
Apogamy Fig. 2.5 in Ranker and Haufler 2008
Apospory • Formation of Gametophytes in Absence of Spores • Usually from outgrowths of leaves or scales Fig. 2.6 in Ranker and Haufler 2008
Permanent Loss of Sporophyte “Appalachia Gametophyte” (Vittaria appalachiana)