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Atmospheric Dynamics and Solar Radiation Interactions

Explore the intricate workings of Earth's atmosphere and its interaction with solar radiation, including processes like heat transfer, radiation absorption, and air circulation. Understand the global energy balance and atmospheric circulation patterns.

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Atmospheric Dynamics and Solar Radiation Interactions

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  1. Fig. 8-CO, p. 202

  2. Fig. 8-1, p. 203

  3. Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2) Argon (Ar) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Neon, Helium, Methane, and other elements and compounds Fig. 8-1, p. 203

  4. Fig. 8-2a, p. 204

  5. 2,000 m 10°C Expands and cools Compresses and warms 1,000 m 20°C 30°C Air parcel 0 m Fig. 8-2a, p. 204

  6. Fig. 8-2b, p. 204

  7. Fig. 8-3, p. 205

  8. Incoming short-wave solar radiation (light) at top of atmosphere: 7 million calories per square meter per day, averaged for the Earth as a whole 100% 100% Light (short-wave radiation), 30% Infrared (long-wave) radiation, 70% Outgoing radiation = 100% + Space 26% 100% 6% 20% 4% 6% 38% Atmosphere Back-scattered by air Emission by clouds Net emission by water vapor, CO2 16% Absorbed by water vapor, dust, CO2 Reflected by clouds Absorption by water vapor, CO2 15% Absorbed by clouds Absorbed by water and land 3% Net surface emission of long-wave radiation Latent heat Reflected by water and land surface Sensible heat 51% 21% 7% 23% Fig. 8-3, p. 205

  9. Fig. 8-4, p. 206

  10. Light bounces off Up 1 m2 Solar beam Sun is low in the sky 1 m2 Solar beam Sun is overhead Up Light is absorbed Equator Fig. 8-4, p. 206

  11. Fig. 8-5a, p. 206

  12. Balance Balance Surplus Deficit Deficit Heat transfer Heat transfer Radiant energy in one year 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 °North °South Latitude Average annual solar radiation absorbed Average annual infrared radiation emitted Fig. 8-5a, p. 206

  13. Fig. 8-5b, p. 206

  14. North Pole Net heat loss 38°N Net heat gain Net energy transport Equator Net heat gain 38°S Net heat loss South Pole Fig. 8-5b, p. 206

  15. Fig. 8-6, p. 207

  16. Winter (Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun) 23½° Spring (sun aims directly at equator) To Polaris Summer (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun) Fall (sun aims directly at equator) Fig. 8-6, p. 207

  17. Winter (Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun) 23½° To Polaris Spring (sun aims directly at equator) Summer (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun) Fall (sun aims directly at equator) Stepped Art Fig. 8-6, p. 207

  18. Fig. 8-7, p. 208

  19. Cold window (closed) Warm air rising Hot radiator Cool air falling Fig. 8-7, p. 208

  20. Fig. 8-8, p. 208

  21. North Pole Descending cold air Rising warm air Hot Equator Cool Descending cold air Fig. 8-8, p. 208

  22. Fig. 8-9, p. 209

  23. North Pole Earth “skinnier” here Buffalo disk Buffalo Path of Buffalo in one day Quito disk Equator Earth “fat” here Quito Path of Quito in one day 79°W South Pole Fig. 8-9, p. 209

  24. Fig. 8-10, p. 209

  25. Fig. 8-11, p. 210

  26. Quito moves at 1,668 km/hr (1,036 mi/hr). Note: Quito’s longer distance through space in one hour is still 15°. Buffalo moves at 1,260 km/hr (783 mi/hr). Note: Buffalo’s shorter distance through space in one hour is still 15°. 15° (Earth rotates east) North Pole Buffalo disk Equator Quito disk Fig. 8-11, p. 210

  27. Fig. 8-12, p. 210

  28. Buffalo 1,260 km/hr (783 mi/hr) east Lands off course! Cannonball 1 Cannonball 2 Quito 1,668 km/hr (1,036 mi/hr) east Misses! −79°W Fig. 8-12, p. 210

  29. Polar cell Jet stream, flows west to east Mid-latitude cell (Ferrel cell) Westerlies 60° Subtropical high-pressure belt 30° Cool air falls Tropical cell (Hadley cell) Northeasterly trades Warm air rises Equatorial trough - low-pressure belt (Doldrums, ITCZ) Equator Southeasterly trades Tropical cell (Hadley cell) Cool air falls 30° Subtropical high-pressure belt Mid-latitude cell (Ferrel cell) 60° Westerlies Jet stream, flows west to east Polar cell Fig. 8-13, p. 211

  30. Fig. 8-14, p. 213

  31. July ? July Geographical equator January Geographical equator January Fig. 8-14, p. 213

  32. Fig. 8-15, p. 214

  33. Table 8-1, p. 214

  34. Fig. 8-16a/b, p. 215

  35. Northeast monsoon Geographical equator Northwest monsoon ITCZ January ITCZ Geographical equator Southwest monsoon African southwest monsoon Southeast monsoon July Fig. 8-16a/b, p. 215

  36. Fig. 8-16c, p. 215

  37. Cherrapunji L Bay of Bengal South China Sea Wet, unstable air Fig. 8-16c, p. 215

  38. Fig. 8-17, p. 216

  39. Fig. 8-17a, p. 216

  40. Warm air ascends Cool air descends Onshore flow Warmer land Cooler sea Fig. 8-17a, p. 216

  41. Fig. 8-17b, p. 216

  42. Cool air descends Warm air ascends Offshore flow Cooler land Warmer sea Fig. 8-17b, p. 216

  43. Fig. 8-18, p. 217

  44. Fig. 8-19, p. 218

  45. North Cold air pressure increases Atmospheric Cold air Low Low Warm front pressure increases Front A Atmospheric Warm air Cold front Warm air South Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Fig. 8-19a, p. 218

  46. 26000 ft Winds aloft Thunderstorms Widespread precipitation 0°C (32°F) Warm air 0 ft 0°C (32°F) 11°C (52°F) Warm front Cold front B Cold air A L Cold air receding 4°C (39°F) 0°C (32°F) -6°C (22°F) 9°C (48°F) 50 km 600 km Fig. 8-19b, p. 218

  47. Fig. 8-20, p. 218

  48. Fig. 8-21, p. 219

  49. Fig. 8-22, pp. 218-219

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