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Ch. 7 Review

Ch. 7 Review. Share THREE things you learned Monday with THREE different people. -Landmark documents -Terminology Box 7.2 -Difference in two types of fitness -Define the FITT acronym -Training principles -Difference in norm- & criterion-referenced testing. Chapter 8:

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Ch. 7 Review

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  1. Ch. 7 Review Share THREE things you learned Monday with THREE different people -Landmark documents -Terminology Box 7.2 -Difference in two types of fitness -Define the FITT acronym -Training principles -Difference in norm- & criterion-referenced testing

  2. Chapter 8: Fitness Programs and Professions HPHE 1500 Dr. Ayers

  3. Introduction • Government focus on importance of health & PA: • Healthy People 2000 (1991) • Surgeon General’s Report on PA & Health (1996) • Healthy People 2010 (2000) • Healthy People 2020 (2010) • National health objectives tracked for progress (T 8.1) • Overarching goals relative to national health: • Improve health of all people • Eliminate health disparities between groups

  4. Fitness Levels Among Children and Youth • Fitness of U.S. youth questioned since the 1950’s • Comparisons across decades difficult/inappropriate • Changing definitions of “fitness” • Different types of tests used • Shift in focus: • FROM: Improving fitness (outcome) • TO: Increasing PA (process) • Today’s youth underperform on: • Body composition (↑ levels of overweight/obesity) • Cardiovascular capacity

  5. One’s health and fitness . . .personal responsibility? (Box 8.1, p. 187) What about the environment in which we live (that we have created for ourselves)? What, how, where, and how much do we eat? How has PA been squeezed out of daily life? So what? Measures of childhood health/PA are predictive!

  6. PA Patterns Among Children and Youth • Sample key findings • HR readings indicate most are meeting ACSM’s recommendations for adult PA levels • Most do not get regular PE from a specialist • Only half of 12-21 year-olds engage in vigorous PA regularly; 25% never do so • Boys are more active than girls • 6-11 year-olds are the most active population group

  7. Steepest PA decline occurs between ages 12-17 • Only 21% of adolescents participate in school Physical Education 1 or more days a week • WHY? • Reduced access (“exclusionary” sport model) • Competing interests • “It’s no longer fun” • Alternative activity choices

  8. What factors motivate adolescents? • Body shape, looks • Managing stress • Peer approval • Desire for independence From Sallis (1994) • Inactive teens become inactive adults . . .

  9. Fitness & PA Levels Among Adults • Difficult to assess/estimate fitness & PA levels • Can be viewed from various perspectives: • PA estimates range widely . . . (Fig. 8.1, p. 191) • Patterns of CVD risk factors among adults (Box 8.2, p. 192) • Inactive adults are twice as likely to die from CVD than active adults • PA level is a more critical health indicator than fitness test results

  10. Health at Every Size (www.welcoa.org) • Self-acceptance • Physical activity • Normalized eating (base intake on physiological hunger & fullness) • Older adults, the good news: • Live longer • Are increasing PA levels • More commonly participating in resistance exercise • Older adults, the bad news: • 85% of the 65+ age group 1+ one chronic disease • 35-50% women 70+ have mobility problems • Incur the highest amount of health-care costs

  11. Fitness & PA Programs for Children and Youth • Importance of school Physical Education programs is recognized by parents & federal gov’t • CDC’sguidelines targets schools, delivery of Physical Education and Health Education programs, policies, personnel, environment/infrastructure, training of personnel, parental involvement, and evaluation as key elements (Box 8.4, p. 197) • School Physical Education programs alone cannot meet all guidelines • PA opportunities must be created for all youth throughout communities

  12. Examples of creative program expansions: • Use of school-wide daily PA breaks • Fitness remediation programs • Four year fitness program • Daily fitness programs • In-school fitness centers • State-requirement approach • School fitness clubs • Required fitness courses • Elective fitness courses

  13. Fitness & PA for People With Disabilities • Historically, PA programs had a rehab/medical focus • Current efforts target people’s health • Often, major barriers prevent access to PA • With accommodations in place, PA health benefits realistic for people with disabilities • PL 94-142 has helped increase sport & other PA levels

  14. AAHPERD Efforts to Promote Physical Activity and Fitness • Physical Best • Educational arm of health-related fitness programming • Fitnessgram • Assessment arm of health-related fitness instruction • Brockport Physical Fitness Test • Adapted fitness test • FitSmart Test • Cognitive assessment of health-related fitness knowledge

  15. Worksite Fitness and Wellness Programs • More commonplace over the past 25 years • Can help reduce: • Health-care cost, employee turnover, & absenteeism • Can help improve: • Employee productivity and morale • Programs typically include: • Nutrition (e.g., programs, guidance, weight management) • Fitness (e.g., programs, facilities, testing) • General health (e.g., healthy back programs, screenings)

  16. National Efforts to Promote Fitness and Physical Activity • Examples of Federal Government involvement since early 20th Century: • Improvement of fitness in military • 1956: President’s Council on Youth Fitness formed • Now President’s Council on Fitness, Sport & Nutrition • http://www.fitness.gov/about/index.html • 1978: USDHHS > Exercise recognized as an important determinant of health status

  17. 1990: 34 National Health Objectives developed specifically for fitness and health • 1996: Surgeon General’s Report on PA & Health • 2000: “Promoting Better Health for Young People Through Physical Activity and Sport” published • 2001: CDC publishes Increasing Physical Activity: A Report on Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services

  18. Legislative Efforts to Improve Child and Youth Fitness • 2004: Federal School Lunch Act renewed . . . Targets nutrition, nutrition education and physical activity • States have passed legislation that defines requirements for food services & time requirements for PA and Phys. Educ. • HR 3257 (Fit Kids Act): Proposed amendment to No Child Left Behind • 2001: Carol M. White Physical Education Program (PEP) grant program initiated

  19. Physical Fitness Instruction: By Whom? • Who teaches in the almost 30,000 health clubs in the US, that serve over 41m members? • Individual organizations do offer certification (e.g., ACSM, IAR, NCSA, IDEA, AFAA) • Value of such certification? . . . .Not all are created equally • 2003: National Board of Fitness Examiners formed to develop national standards & examination for fitness instructors (http://nbfe.org)

  20. Athletic Training • National Athletic Training Association (NATA) www.nata.org • Main function: Oversee AT certification process • Preparation includes significant clinical component • Highly rigorous examination process

  21. ACSM Fitness-Instruction Certification • Offers two certification tracks: • Health and Fitness • Clinical • Also provides continuing education for its members

  22. Strength & Conditioning Coach Qualifications • International non-profit organization with 30,000 members from 52 countries • Certifies strength and conditioning specialists • Certification requites degree in Ex. Science, CPR certif, and 2+ yrs. of employment as G.A. at NSCA-recognized program • NSCA released new standards & guidelines in 2009 http://www.nsca-lift.org/Publications/SCStandards.pdf

  23. AFPA Certification • American Fitness Professionals and Associates (AFPA) certifies personal trainers and fitness professionals via distance education (http://afpafitness.com) • Certification in 23 specializations, such as: Yoga Instructor Personal Trainer Senior Strength Specialist Pre-/Post-natal Ex. Specialist Pilates Instructor

  24. ACE Certification • American Council on Exercise (ACE) (www.acefitness.org) • Has certified > 40,000 fitness professionals in more than 100 countries • Areas of certification: • Clinical Exercise Specialist • Advanced Health & Fitness Specialist • Certification eligibility requirements: • 18 years of age • Adult CPR certification • Degree in Ex. Science (or related field) • Current ACE Personal Trainer certification • 300 hours of related work experience

  25. Physical Therapy • American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) is main organizing body • Requires extensive specialized training at grad school level • Certification is governed at the state level • Specialization certification also possible in: Pediatrics Cardio-pulmonary Neurology Orthopedics Sports Phys. Therapy Geriatrics

  26. Master’s Degree in Fitness • Typical program specializations include: • Adult Fitness • Cardiac Rehabilitation • Strength Development • Corporate Fitness • Exercise Physiology • Most require ACSM Certification • Typical prerequisite courses include: • Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology • Chemistry, Math, Physics, and Measurement • Strength Development • Corporate Fitness

  27. Summary Share one thing you learned today Monday: Ch 7-8 quiz Ch 10 for class

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