EDTHP 115 11/13/02 Twentieth-Century Reforms

1. EDTHP 115 11/13/02 Twentieth-Century Reforms Progressive Era Images Diversity Decades of reform [note: not covered]

2. Administrative Progressives Ellwood Cubberley, Stanford Professor and Reformer (Scientific Management) • Take schools out of politics • Base education on science not tradition • Efficient management of schools • Differentiate structure • Classify and differentiate students • Assimilate immigrants • Education is part of the battle in international competition

3. Administrative Progressives’ Specific Reforms • Administrative Reorganization • IQ Testing and Classification of Students • Curricular Differentiation (tracking) to “meet the needs of the individual student” • Including the addition of new courses • Career Counseling and Vocational Programs • Additions to structures of schooling—Junior High, Distinct High Schools

4. Pedagogical Progressives • John Dewey (1859-1952) • School and Society, 1899 • Education and Democracy, 1916 • Experience and Education, 1938 • William H. Kilpatrick • The Project Method • Progressive Education Association

5. John Dewey 1890s 1930

6. Dewey’s Main Ideas • A commitment to democratic education • Authoritarian schools a disservice to society • Students should be free to test all ideas and values • Classrooms should be places where students learn to experience, engage directly in life activities, and learn to work together • Child-centeredness balanced with Subject-centeredness • Importance of scientific method

7. Francis Parker • Important Influence on Dewey and Progressive movement

8. Social Reconstructionists • George Counts • “Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order,” 1933 • Opposed overly “child-centered” education • Stance on “indoctrination”

9. Theories of Education • Progressivism • Scientific Management/Social Efficiency • Social Reconstructionism • Existentialism • Perennialism • Essentialism

10. Diversity in the Progressive Era • Race • Class • Gender • Perceived physical or intellectual ability • Potential Vocation • Life adjustment education