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Introduction to Modern Medical Imaging

Introduction to Modern Medical Imaging. Allen T. Newton, Ph.D. Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology Vanderbilt University. PAVE 2014. Medical Imaging. The goal is to better visualize structure or function in the living or non-living organism, animal or human.

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Introduction to Modern Medical Imaging

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  1. Introduction to Modern Medical Imaging Allen T. Newton, Ph.D. Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology Vanderbilt University PAVE 2014

  2. Medical Imaging • The goal is to better visualize structure or function in the living or non-living organism, animal or human • Involves collaborations with mathematicians, physicists, engineers, chemists and biologists • Work with physicians to meet their diagnostic and treatment evaluation needs • Look at a couple of key components of medical imaging • Look at some examples from MRI, ultrasound, CT

  3. Chemistry Physics Imaging Science Biology Medicine Computer Science Math Engineering

  4. Radiologists (MD) 4 yrs of college 4 yrs of medical school Physicist/engineer (PhD) 4 yrs of college 5-7 yrs of graduate school improve interpret Medical Imaging create Technologists (RT) 2-4 yrs of college 2 yrs of technical school

  5. How do we make medical images? http://www.andor.com/image_lib/lores/introduction

  6. The Major Imaging Modalities • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • X-ray Imaging • Computed Tomography (CT) • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) • Ultrasound (US)

  7. The Major Imaging Modalities • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • X-ray Imaging • Computed Tomography (CT) • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) • Ultrasound (US)

  8. The Major Imaging Modalities • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • X-ray Imaging • Computed Tomography (CT) • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) • Ultrasound (US)

  9. The Major Imaging Modalities • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • X-ray Imaging • Computed Tomography (CT) • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) • Ultrasound (US)

  10. So, you are playing soccer… • … you collide with another player, and collapse in pain on the ground • You have pretty intense pain in your lower left leg • How bad is it and how do we find out?

  11. So, you go to the Emergency Room… • … and the attending physician orders an X-ray of your injured leg • What are they looking for? • What will the X-ray show?  The X-ray shows a bad break in your tibia General Message: What is the problem? Can imaging solve the problem? How? Image adapted from http://www.gentili.net/image.asp

  12. Spatial Resolution 32x32, 7.5 mm2 64x64, 3.75 mm2 128x128, 1.87 mm2 256x256, 0.93 mm2

  13. Spatial resolution 7T MRI, 0.6x0.6x1.0 mm3 resolution

  14. Contrast

  15. A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner

  16. Magnetic Resonance imaging Coronal Sagittal • Can generate 2D and 3D views in any plane • Uses no ionizing radiation • Extremely versatile modality • Spatial resolution: humans~100, animals~25 microns Axial

  17. Magnetic Resonance imaging

  18. Magnetic Resonance imaging MRI showing blood vessels in brain

  19. Bright in coherent white matter Darker where 1) Fibers diverge/cross, or 2) No preferred orientation Magnetic Resonance imaging Assessing brain white matter tracks • Orientation is color code by direction •  Red = Right/Left •  Green = Anterior/Posterior •  Blue = Superior/Inferior • Reveals structure within white matter Adam Anderson, Ph.D.

  20. Magnetic Resonance imaging Finding white matter tracks  Establishes connections between different brain regions Adam Anderson, Ph.D.

  21. Some examples from cancer imaging

  22. MRI in cancer imaging Signal Intensity time courses 3D rendering of tumor anatomical MRI

  23. X-rays in cancer imaging, 1/2 Mammogram displaying calcification, increased density Mrs. Röntgen's hand, the first X-ray picture of the human body ever taken

  24. X-rays in cancer imaging, 2/2 Munden, et al, Radiology, 2005; 237:803-18 • Standard radiography yields a 2-D projection of a 3D object, whereas CT allows for true 3-D image acquisition • CT acquires a series of projections from many angles around the subject; each set of projections is then reconstructed via a “backprojection” algorithm • Developed by Sir Godfrey Houndsfield, won 1972 Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology • Spatial resolution: humans~200 microns, animals~35 micron www.radiologyinfo.org/

  25. PET in cancer imaging, 1/2 • Some radioactive isotopes (18F, 15O, etc) emit positrons: • Such elements can be incorporated into metabolically relevant compounds • Emitted positron encounters electron, they annihilate leaving 2 photons traveling in opposite directions which are measured by ring of detectors • Most common PET tracer is FDG (flourodeoxyglucose), a glucose analog 18FDG (blood) 18FDG (tissue) 18FDG-6-PO4 (cells) X • Images generated using very similar computations as in CT • Spatial resolution: humans and animals ~2 mm

  26. PET in cancer imaging, 2/2 CTPETCT/PET Dominique Delbeke www.breastcancer.org

  27. This week Today: Overview Tuesday: X-Ray & Computed Tomography (CT) Wednesday: Ultrasound, SPECT, PET Thursday: MRI Friday: fMRI lab !!!!!!

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