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Cellular Development and Differentiation Processes: A Comprehensive Overview

Explore the structure, function, and growth of prokaryote and eukaryote cells, as well as the differentiation of cells into tissues and organs. Dive into cell and tissue culture techniques including mammalian, bacterial, fungal cultures, and plant tissue culture. Learn about the stages of organism development from zygote to individual, including mitotic division, gastrulation, and germ layers. Discover how gene expression controls differentiation, with examples such as Drosophila melanogaster and the Lac operon. Understand the role of stem cells in development and their potential applications. Engage in interactive learning activities to deepen your understanding of cellular processes.

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Cellular Development and Differentiation Processes: A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. Structure, function and growth of prokaryote and eukaryote cells (iii) Differentiation of cells into tissues and organs. (iv) Cell and tissue culture Mammalian cell cultures Bacterial and Fungal Cultures (v) Plant tissue culture

  2. Development • An organism starts life as a zygote (single fertilised cell). • It undergoes three main stages to develop into an individual • Mitotic division to form a group of cells called the blastula. • Gastrulation • Infolding of the cells to form a cup shape called a gastrula

  3. Development cont… • The gastrula has three germ layers • Endoderm • Develops into the alimentary canal • Ectoderm • Develops into skin and nervous system • Mesoderm • Develops into the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, excretory system

  4. Development cont… • Cell division and differentiation (specialisation) results in tissue and organ formation.

  5. Differentiation • Nearly all cells in an organism have the same DNA • Differentiation depends on gene expression (the transcription of a gene into mRNA) i.e. which genes are ‘switched on’ and which genes are ‘switched off’.

  6. Differentiation cont… During development the control of gene expression may be: • Temporal (different genes expressed at different times in development) • Spatial (cells in different places in the embryo expressing different genes) Example of differentiation to form an organism: Drosophila melanogaster

  7. Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria • Lac operon (aka Jacob-Monod hypothesis)

  8. Stem Cells • A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell which can undergo unlimited division to form other cells • Source of stem cells • Adult e.g. bone marrow • Embryonic (from blastula stage ~ 150 cell stage) • Cancer cells • Umbilical Cord Blood • Stem cells have the ability to differentiate, unlike specialised cells

  9. Learning Activities • Differentiation of Human Cells • Read DART pg 18-20 • Scholar (Unit 1, no. 2) • Web animations from Biozone website • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/nonmajorsbiology/stemcells.html • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/lacoperon.html • http://science.howstuffworks.com/stem-cell.htm

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