Structure and Function of Cells

1. Structure and Function of Cells Life Science

2. Unit 3 Standards - Structure and Function of Cells • S7L1 – Students will investigate the diversity of organisms and how they can be compared scientifically • A: demonstrate the process for the development of a dichotomous key • B:classify organisms based on physical characteristics using a dichotomous key of the six kingdom system.

3. Unit 3 Standards - Structure and Function of Cells • S7L2 – Students will describe the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems • A: cells use nutrients to grow and divide • B:cell structure and function • C: explain that cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into systems, and systems into organisms.

4. Unit 3 Standards - Structure and Function of Cells • Student Learning Map • TOPIC: Structure and Function of Cells • KEY LEARNING: Living organisms are diverse, take in nutrients in order to grow and divide, and are classified scientifically according to their structure and function of cells, tissue, organs, and organ systems. • UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How do organisms take in nutrients in order to grow and divide and how are they classified?

5. Unit 3 Standards - Structure and Function of Cells • Student Learning Map • CONCEPT #1: Structure and Function of Cells • LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION(S): • What are the growth and development functions necessary for an organisms life? • What are the basic cell structures of a plant and animal cell? • VOCABULARY: cell, cell membrane, organelle, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole, flagellum

6. Make a T-Chart

7. Functions of an Organisms life • Living things (organisms)… • Have cells • Sense and respond to change • Reproduce • Have DNA • Use energy • Grow and develop

8. Functions of an Organisms life • Living things (organisms)… 1. Cells • Contains all of the material necessary for life • Too small to be seen with the naked eye • Have many different parts that perform different functions

9. Functions of an Organisms life • Living things (organisms)… 2. Sense and respond to change • Organisms respond to gravity, light, sounds, etc. 3. Reproduce • Two types of reproduction • asexual (one parent) • sexual (two parents)

10. Functions of an Organisms life • Living things (organisms)… 4.Have DNA • DNA controls the structure and function of cells • It is passed from parents to the offspring 5. Use energy • Energy is used for activities such as making food, breaking down food, building cells, etc. 6. Grow and develop • Growth occurs during different periods of an organism’s life.

11. Functions of an Organisms life • Living things (organisms) need… • Water • Air • A place to live • Food

12. Functions of an Organisms life • Living things (organisms) need… 1. Water • Cells of most organisms contain approximately 70% water. • Can survive only about three days without water • Obtain water from fluids and food 2. Air • Is a mixture of several gases including oxygen and carbon dioxide • Some organisms can survive without air (anaerobic organisms)

13. Functions of an Organisms life • Living things (organisms) need… 3. A place to live • Space is limited on earth • Leads to competition among organisms 4. Food • Gives organisms energy and raw materials needed for life processes. • Organisms can either • make food (producers) • eat food (consumers) or • break down nutrients from dead organisms or animal wastes (decomposer).

14. Ticket of the door • Name at least 3 characteristics that living things have. • Name at least two things needed by all living things.

15. E.Q. What are the basic cell structures and functions of a plant and animal cell? • Prokaryotic • Single celled organism • No nucleus • Eukaryotic • Multi-cellular (many cells) organism • Has a nucleus • Usually much larger than prokaryotic cell

16. E.Q. What are the basic cell structures and functions of a plant and animal cell? • Cell membrane (both) • Protective barrier that encloses the cell • Separates contents from the environment • Controls movement of materials into and out of the cell • Cell wall (plant and bacteria) • Rigid structure that gives support to the cell

17. E.Q. What are the basic cell structures and functions of a plant and animal cell? • Cytoplasm (both) • Substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus • Contains organelles and various particles • Nucleus (both) • Contains the cell’s DNA • Control center of the cell

18. E.Q. What are the basic cell structures and functions of a plant and animal cell? • Mitochondrion (both) • Main power source of the cell, makes cell’s energy.

20. E.Q. What are the basic cell structures and functions of a plant and animal cell? • Chloroplast (plant) • Where photosynthesis takes place (uses the energy of sunlight to make food) • Contains chlorophyll (a green pigment)

21. E.Q. What are the basic cell structures and functions of a plant and animal cell? • Vacuole (Plant) • Stores water and other liquids.

23. FOLDABLE ACTIVITY • You will create a foldable to compare plant and animal cells. • It will be landscape folded over once. • Cut the top part in half down the middle. • On the left side write “plant ” and on the right side write “animal” • When it is opened, draw a picture of each cell (on pages 38 and 41) on the other side of the flap. Then list the cell structures and organelles located in this type of cell.

24. Unit 3 Standards - Structure and Function of Cells • Student Learning Map • CONCEPT #2: Cell Processes • LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION(S): • How do plant cells make their own food and how do animal cells use food? • How do materials move into and out of a cell? • How do cells divide? • VOCABULARY: endocytosis, exocytosis, passive transport, active transport, osmosis, diffusion, photosynthesis, mitosis, cellular respiration

25. E.Q. How do plant cells make their own food and how do animal cells use food? • Photosynthesis • Plants use the sun’s energy captured by chlorophyll to change carbon dioxide and water into food. • Carbon dioxide + water + light energy glucose (sugar/food) + oxygen. • 6CO2 + 6H20 + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2.

26. E.Q. How do plant cells make their own food and how do animal cells use food? • Cellular respiration The use of oxygen to get energy from food. • Consumers use the food from producers. They break it down into carbon dioxide, water and energy. • Glucose (sugar/food) + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + energy (as below) • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (ATP).

27. E.Q. How do plant cells make their own food and how do animal cells use food? • Fermentation A way that cells get energy from their food without using oxygen. • This happens when muscle cells can’t get the oxygen needed for cellular respiration. • This process produces lactic acid (which can build up in your muscles and cause the burning sensation).

28. E.Q. How do materials move into and out of a cell? • Does not require energy • Moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. • Examples: • Diffusion • Osmosis • Requires energy • Moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration • Examples: • Endocytosis • Exocytosis Passive transport Active transport

29. E.Q. How do materials move into and out of a cell? • Passive Transport Diffusion • Particles move from a high concentration (crowded) to an area of low concentration (less crowded). • Does not need energy • http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=EYPDPMhUGoMBaM&tbnid=e38KKMHl6uNbUM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toltec.biz%2Fhow_hemodialysis_works.htm&ei=LlCIUsnGOuXS2gX30ICIAQ&bvm=bv.56643336,d.b2I&psig=AFQjCNEXoKn53t_8UOWG9S8rp_c0DarYTQ&ust=1384751395533201

30. E.Q. How do materials move into and out of a cell? • Passive Transport • Osmosis • The diffusion of water through a semi permeable cell membrane. • Since cells are made up mostly of water, diffusion of only water may pass through. • Ex. Wilted plants become firm again when watered. • Remember: Does not need energy

31. E.Q. How do materials move into and out of a cell? • Active Transport Process of Endocytosis * → • The movement of large particles (ex. Proteins) from the outside to the inside of the cell membrane. • Remember: Doesneed energy

32. E.Q. How do materials move into and out of a cell? • Active Transport Process of Exocytosis←* • The movement of large particles from the inside to the outside of the cell membrane. • Remember: Doesneed energy

33. E.Q. How do cells divide? • Cell cycle • Has three stages • Interphase • Mitosis • Cytokinesis

34. E.Q. How do cells divide? • Cell cycle • Interphase • 1st stage of the cycle • What happens? The cell grows and copies its organelles and chromosomes.

35. E.Q. How do cells divide? • Cell cycle • Mitosis • 2nd stage of the cycle • What happens? Mitosis ensures that each new cell receives a copy of each chromosome • Has four phases

36. E.Q. How do cells divide? • Cell cycle • More on mitosis • Phase 1 - Prophase • Phase 2 - Metaphase • Phase 3 - Anaphase • Phase 4 – Telophase

37. E.Q. How do cells divide? • Cell cycle • Cytokinesis • 3rd stage • What happens? The cell splits into two cells. Each new cell is identical to each other and to the original cell.

38. E.Q. How do cells divide? • Class discussion • Why is mitosis important? • Name the four phases of mitosis.

39. Unit 3 Standards - Structure and Function of Cells • Student Learning Map • CONCEPT #3: Hierarchy of organisms • LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION(S): • How are organisms organized? • How does a dichotomous key help identify organisms? • VOCABULARY: tissue, organ, organ system, dichotomous key

40. EQ: how are organisms organized? • Organisms are made up of cells…. • How do you get from an organelle to an organism? (By knowing the Levels of Cellular Organization)

41. EQ: how are organisms organized? • Organelles work together to make up a CELL. • A group of related cells work together to make up a TISSUE. (multicellular & has neurons that send messages throughout the body)

42. EQ: how are organisms organized? • A group of related tissueswork together to make up an ORGAN(i.e. heart, stomach, lungs, brain, etc.)

43. EQ: how are organisms organized? • A group of related organs work together to make up an ORGAN SYSTEM (ex: circulatory, digestive, respiratory, nervous…

44. EQ: how are organisms organized? • Organ systems work together to make up an ORGANISM(ex:dog, tree, human, etc).

45. EQ: how are organisms organized? • So how DO you get from an organelle to an organism? • organelles cells tissues organs organ system organism

46. EQ: How does a dichotomous key help identify organisms? • Dichotomous key • A tool used to identify organisms and that consists of the answers to a series of questions.