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Oil

Discharges to the sea. Oil. Name – Date. Discharges to the sea - Oil. Contents Introduction Oil and oil products What happens to an oil spill? Main impacts Ecological Economic Vegetable oils The role of shipping Solutions. 2. Photo credits: ITOPF/North Sea Foundation.

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Oil

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  1. Discharges to the sea Oil Name – Date

  2. Discharges to the sea - Oil Contents • Introduction • Oil and oil products • What happens to an oil spill? • Main impacts • Ecological • Economic • Vegetable oils • The role of shipping • Solutions 2 Photo credits: ITOPF/North Sea Foundation

  3. 1. Introduction The importance of oil In 2011: production of 87 million barrels per day Oil in the sea is seen as a major environmentalproblem. Oil mayenter the environment duringproduction, transport and use. Photo credits: ProSea

  4. 2. Oil and oil products • Large variety of products • Diesel oil, gas oil, kerosene, LPG, bunkeroil • Crude Oil - mix • 30% gasoil • 10% kerosene • 15 % light distillate • 25 % heavy distillate • 20% residu Photo credits: North Sea Foundation

  5. Crude oil also contains • Nitrogen, Sulphur , Oxygen • Different heavy metals (Fe, Zn) • Hundreds of different chemicals • Chemical composition varies

  6. 3. What happens to an oil spill • Very fast evaporation (C1 to C10) • Soluble fraction • Floating layer (>C10), subject to natural dispersion • A persistent floating layer (>C15) Illustration credits: ProSea

  7. Weathering Photo and illustration credits: ITOPF

  8. Persistence of oil Photo credits: ITOPF

  9. 4. Main impacts Oil in the sea is seen as a major environmental problem – big spillsget a lot of attention Photo credits: ITOPF

  10. 4. Main impacts - ecological Impact dependson: • Type and amount of oil • Weatherconditions and season • Areawhere the spilltakes place Adverseeffects of oil discharges at seadepend more on the site of discharge thanon the size of the discharge. Photo credits: ITOPF

  11. Birds Photo credits:Ecomare

  12. Toxic effects/plankton Saltmarsh/mangroves Taintingshellfish Photo credits:NIOZ, Josje Snoek/ProSea/Ecomare

  13. 4. Main impacts - economic Photo credits: ITOPF/NOAA

  14. 5. Vegetableoils • Oil extractions from plants and fruit • such as palm nut, sunflower, soybean, olive, ... • They are not as ‘innocent’ as we might think • Vegetable oil spill can be equally problematic as mineral oil spill • Plumage of birds • Fur of mammals • Smothering of bottomdwellers Photo credits: ELASTEC AmericanMarine

  15. 6. The role of shipping • Total (2002) – 1,3 milliontonsoil (1973 – 6,1 million) • Natural seeps600.000 (47%) • Extraction38.000(3%) • Transportation 150.000 (12%) • - tank vesselspills (100.000) • - operational discharges (36.000) • Consumption480.000 (38%) • - land-based (140.000) • - operational discharges (270.000) • - spills (7.000) Where does oil in the sea come from? ‘Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates and Effect’, National Research Council. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, U.S., 2002.

  16. Accidental spills: 8% of all oil in the sea Photo credits:ITOPF

  17. Operational discharges all ships: 24% of all oil in the sea Photo credits: ProSea

  18. 6. The role of shipping • Since 1979, the amount of oil in the sea, as a result of shipping operations, has declined drastically. Spills over 700 tons Illustration credits: ITOPF

  19. 6. The role of shipping • Only a small fraction of oil in the marine environment comes from tanker accidents • Routine shipping operations contribute three times as much Photo credits: ITOPF/ProSea

  20. 7. Solutions MARPOL • Annex I(oil and oil products) • Discharge permitted, under certain circumstances (15 ppm) • Double hull • Oil Record book • Special areas

  21. Oilybilge water separator Photo credits: Environmental Protection Engineering S.A.

  22. Incinerator Photo credits: Atlas Incinerators

  23. Port receptionfacilities Photo credits: Port of Rotterdam

  24. Questions?

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