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CHAPTER 8 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

CHAPTER 8 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Structure and Function. The functions of the digestive system are: Breaks down food to a form that can be used by body cells Transports food and waste Physical & chemical breakdown & absorption of digested food Elimination

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CHAPTER 8 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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  1. CHAPTER 8DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

  2. Structure and Function • The functions of the digestive system are: • Breaks down food to a form that can be used by body cells • Transports food and waste • Physical & chemical breakdown & absorption of digested food • Elimination • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsTwabX4ggI on of wastes

  3. Structure of the Digestive System • Mouth • Esophagus • Stomach • Small Intestines • Large Intesting • Rectum

  4. Organs of the Digestive Process • Mouth • Ingestion-putting food into mouth • Mastication-the act of chewing • Deglutition-the act of swallowing • Three glands produce a mix of mucus, water & an enzyme called amylase to activate the taste buds as well as moisten and dissolve CHO’s. • Esophagus • Carries food from the mouth to the stomach using peristalsis

  5. Organs of the Digestive Process (Continued) • Stomach • Chyme- semi liquid undigested food • Digestion of protein begins in stomach • HCl and pepsin break down proteins • Small intestine-most digestion takes place here • Produces juices that aid the digestive process • Food is actually absorbed here

  6. Organs of the Digestive Process (Continued) • Large intestine • Most of the water from ingested food is absorbed back into the blood through the walls of large intestine. • Processes fiber • Rectum • Passes waste out of body

  7. Liver Gall bladder Pancreas Small Intestine Function of Accessory Structures - Gallbladder: Secrets bile to break down fat - Pancreas: Releases enzymes to further digest starches, proteins, & fats. Releases insulin to reduce blood sugar levels - Small intestines: Absorbs most nutrients found in your body

  8. Assessment Techniques • Gastric analysis • A nasogastric tube is used to remove stomach contents • Composition of stomach contents assists in finding: blood, bile, bacteria, cancer, & ulcers. • Fecal analysis • Examination of stool specimen for presence of microorganisms or blood • Performed only be lab personnel • Palpation and auscultation • Feeling the abdomen and listening for bowel sounds • Must gently listen with stethescope first (auscultation), then feel (palpation). Any pushing on the stomach will cause an increase in intestinal activity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOefpxm38bc

  9. Endoscopy Flexible tube inserted into body cavities www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjRsa77u6OU

  10. Disorders of the Digestive System • Lactose Intolerance • Not enough of the enzyme lactase is produced. The unabsorbed lactose ferments in the intestines leading to gas, cramps, and diarrhea. • Appendicitis • Inflammation of the appendix • Cholecystitis • Inflammation of the gallbladder

  11. Disorders of the Digestive System • Cirrhosis • A chronic degenerative condition of the liver accompanied by the formation of scar tissue • Constipation • The inability to defecate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VM1FGtcdxDo&ebc=ANyPxKpgSumSwM3tOpa8eCWkUe0PEgVyzCvu-q5dXkj-f1D9I0P6U27glShUYri48SQuwO2M4RCEvNuhqhq0y-IPsyUATCNkSw

  12. Disorders of the Digestive System • Crohn’s disease • Inflammation and ulceration, usually affecting the ileum and colon, or both • Colon cancer • An abnormal growth in the large intestine

  13. OSTOMY BAGS: Allow bowel / bladder to rest https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpsM1b54eTo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9PYMfqNGm0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81Oj78eswOQ

  14. Disorders of the Digestive System • Diarrhea • The passage of frequent and watery stools • Bland diet suggested • B.R.A.T. diet: Bananas, rice, applesauce, toast • Diverticulitis • The weakening of the colon wall, leading to formation of a pouch, causing infection or abscesses if fecal material trapped • Diet: Clear liquids, • Low-fiber foods, no residue • Food poisoning • Illnesses transmitted by food

  15. Table 16-2 Bland Diet

  16. Disorders of the Digestive System • Gastritis • Inflammation of the stomach lining • Halitosis • Or bad breath, is caused by anaerobic bacteria

  17. Disorders of the Digestive System • Gastroesophageal reflux disease • Frequent heartburn or chest pain, bitter taste in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, frequent hoarseness or coughing http://video.healthination.com/usnews/heartburn-gerd.html

  18. Disorders of the Digestive System • Esophageal Varicies • Swollen veins in the walls of the lower part of the esophagus that rupture & begin to bleed • Causes: liver failure causes pressure on the esophagus • Pancreatitis • A mild acute or chronic condition resulting from gallbladder stone blockage, disease, injury, or alcoholism

  19. Disorders of the Digestive System • Heartburn • A painful burning sensation in the esophagus caused by the backflow of acidic chyme from the stomach • Causes: H. pylori bacteria, alcohol, acidic diet ( especially a combo of caffeine, peppermint, too much food, being overweight, lying down after eating) • Hemorrhoid • A painful dilated vein in the lower rectum or anus • Hepatitis • A viral infection of the liver

  20. Disorders of the Digestive System • Pyloric stenosis • A birth defect in which a constricted pyloric sphincter does not allow food to pass easily into the small intestine

  21. Disorders of the Digestive System • Ulcer • An open sore on the lining • of the digestive tract

  22. Digestive System Issues • Foodborne illness • Salmonella bacteria • Bacteria from contaminated eggs, peanuts, ground meats, fruits, & vegetables • Illness typically lasts 4-7 days • Escherichia coli • Illness from bacteria found in the envoronment, foods, & the intestines of people & animals • Transmitted through contaminated water or food, or contact with sick animals or people • Protection: Wash hands after contact w/ animals, cook food well, avoid raw milk & unpasteurized drinks, don’t swallow pool or lake water

  23. Dysphagia • Definition: The act of inhaling fluid or a foreign body in the bronchi and lungs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrbEUDO6S5U&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfFEwUFv0ys&feature=related

  24. Aspiration Pneumonia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvAKyuI_nUE Radiography Uses barium to allow structures to show esophagus, stomach, and small intestine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QhBvXsJ53E

  25. Ways to Prevent Aspiration • Patients at risk for aspiration • Stroke, Parkinson’s, dementia, patient under anaestetia • Indications patient is aspirating • Coughing & cyanosis when eating, drinking, or regurgitation of gastric contents • Voice change (hoarseness or gurgling) after swallowing • Ways to prevent aspiration • 30 min. rest before eating (easier time swallowing • Sit patient upright in chair or bed (90 degrees) • Try the chin-down or chin-tuck maneuver • Slow feeding & give smaller bites • Alternate solid & liquids • Do not let patients drink with a straw • Thicken liquids as ordered by speech therapist

  26. Digestive System Issues • Sulfite-sensitivity • May occur naturally or be added to food as an enhancer & preservative • 1 in 100 people are sensitive to these compounds • Sensitivity to sulfites may occur at any time in life • Found in a variety of cooked & processed foods, & occur naturally in beer & wine • Reaction occurs w/in minutes , may not be noticed for up to 1 hour • Allergies, anaphylaxis, headaches, blurred vision, abdominal cramping, listlessness, rashes

  27. Issues and Innovations • Eating disorders • Bulimia: Cycles of binging & purging • Anorexia: Severe food restriction **Both are psychological disorders where losing weight becomes a sign of mastery & being “in control” and or having fears of one’s own body. Often accompanied by excessive exercise, overuse of diet pills, diuretics, lacatives, & enemas**

  28. Issues and Innovations • Genetically Engineered Food • Foods, wholly or partially made from genetically modified organism, or GMO. • A plant or animal whose genetic material was changed when researchers added a gene from a different plant or animal • Over 250 million acres of GMO crops were planted in 2006, over ½ of those in the US • Grow & mature faster w/ greater disease resistance & bigger yields • No studies exist on their effects on us or the environment

  29. Issues and Innovations • Trans-fats / Hydrogenated Oils • First introduced in the 70’s, gained popularity in the 80’s & 90’s when saturated fats were found to be “bad” for your health. • Made by injecting hydrogen into less-saturated oils (liquid at room temp), then making the oil a stable solid at room temperature • Your bile cannot break down these oils, releases huge amounts of bile into your system, thus increasing cholesterol levels in the body

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