Borja Martinovic, Maykel Verkuyten & Jeroen Weesie Utrecht University, the Netherlands

1. Ethnic and National Identification as Determinants of In-Group and Out-Group Evaluations: The Basque Case Borja Martinovic, Maykel Verkuyten & Jeroen Weesie Utrecht University, the Netherlands CRONEM, 13 June 2007

2. Introduction • This study distinguishes between national and ethnic identification • The relationship between the two types of identification and the evaluation of in-group and multiple out-groups is examined • The aim is contribute to the further understanding of identification and group evaluation processes in a real-life and politically tense context.

3. Spanish-Basque context • The case of interest is Basque community in Spain • For people who identify as Basque, Basques are seen as the in-group, and Andalusians, Catalans and Spaniards as out-groups • For people who identify as Spanish, the Spaniards are seen as the in-group, and Andalusians, Catalans and Basques as out-groups

4. Theory • SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY • Identification with a group influences intergroup behaviour • In-group positivity principle • Out-group derogation • Pro in-group attitudes are not necessarily related to anti out-group attitudes • Group evaluations need to be understood in their social context

5. Hypotheses • H1: A direct positive relationship between group identification and in-group evaluation • H2: A positive relationship between in-group identification and the evaluation of similar out-groups • H3: A negative relationship between in-group identification and the evaluation of threatening out-groups • H3a: A direct negative association between Spanish identification and the evaluation of Catalans • H3b: For other three groups Basque nationalism functions as a mediator between in-group identification and out-group evaluations

6. Spanish identification Evaluation of Spaniards + + Evaluation of Andalusians Basque ethnic nationalism Basque ethnic nationalism Evaluation of Catalans + + + Basque identification Evaluation of Basques +

7. Data and participants • 774 secondary school students from 25 schools in the Basque Autonomous Community • 14-21 years of age (M=16) • 50.9% females and 49.1% males

8. Measures: DV • Group evaluation: Spaniards, Basques, Andalusians and Catalans • Pre-test survey  37 respondents from Spain ranked Spanish sub-groups according to how prototypically Spanish they are • Castilians and Andalusians most prototypical; Basques and Catalans most atypical • No evaluation of Castilians in the data  focus on Andalusians • Stereotype valence: 10 positive and 10 negative traits

9. Measures: IV • Basque identification: 6 questions measured on a scale from 1 to 4 about feeling Basque and belonging to the Basque group • Spanish identification: The same 6 questions with reference to Spanish identity

11. Measures: IV (2) • Basque ethnic nationalism: 8 questions, measured on a scale from 1 to 4, about wanting an independent and ethnically pure Basque state Cronbach’s alpha=.90

12. Analysis • Structural equation modelling • Mplus software • No test of the measurement model due to the modest sample size and high alphas • A fair number of missing values in questions about identification and Basque nationalism Full-information maximum likelihood estimation

13. Descriptive results • Basque identification (M=3.31) is significantly higher than Spanish identification (M=2.11) • Average scores on Basque identification are significantly above the midpoint, while Spanish identification is significantly below it • Basques are the most positively evaluated group (M=3.09), followed by Spaniards (M=.80), Andalusians (M=.74) and Catalans (M=-.40)

14. ** p<.01 * p<.05

15. Spanish identification Evaluation of Spaniards .18*** .03 -.14*** -.49*** Evaluation of Andalusians -.05*** Basque ethnic nationalism Basque ethnic nationalism -.07*** Evaluation of Catalans .05* .59*** .03 Basque identification Evaluation of Basques .16***

16. Conclusion • The findings show a clear positive relationship between identification and in-group evaluation, which is in line with the ‘in-group positivity principle’ • The relationship between identification and out-group evaluation is more complex • There is no association between in-group identification and the evaluation of similar out-groups • The association is negative for threatening out-groups, and it is mediated by ideological notions, such as nationalism

17. Conclusion (2) • Social psychology has paid relatively little attention to dual identities • Multiple out-groups rarely researched • Most studies are of experimental nature  This article examined dual identities and multiple out-group evaluations in a real-life intergroup context!