Mysteries of Jupiter, Saturn, and Beyond

1. CHAPTER 8: The Outer Planets

2. WHAT DO YOU THINK? • Is Jupiter a “failed star?” • What is Jupiter’s Great Red Spot? • Does Jupiter have continents and oceans? • Is Saturn the only planet with rings? • Are the rings of Saturn solid? • Do all moons rise and set as seen from their respective planets?

3. You will discover… • that Jupiter is an active, vibrant, multicolored world more massive than all the other planets combined • that Jupiter has a diverse system of moons • that Saturn has a spectacular system of thin flat rings and numerous moons • what Uranus and Neptune have in common and how they differ from Jupiter and Saturn • that tiny Pluto and its moon Charon orbit each other in synchronous rotation

5. Jupiter’s clouds move in east-west bands Reddish-colored belts alternate with white-colored zones.

6. Against the background of zones and belts, turbulent swirling cloud patterns, called white and brown ovals, form. The Great Red Spot is a huge typhoon-like storm of swirling gasses that has lasted for at least 300 years and in which two Earths could fit side to side.

7. The cloud speeds on Jupiter vary with latitude, an effect called differential rotation. Near the poles, the rotation period of Jupiter’s atmosphere is five minutes longer than that at the equator. POLAR REGION ROTATION TIME 9 hours 55minutes EQUATORIAL REGION ROTATION TIME 9hours 50minutes

8. Comparison of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s Atmospheres

9. Astronomers believe that the belts and zones are created by a combination of the planet’s convection and its rapid differential rotation. However, evidence gathered by the Cassini spacecraft contradicts earlier assumptions about the temperatures of the gases in the zones and belts. More evidence is needed to uncover the true nature of these patterns.

10. Comet Shoemaker-Levy’s Collision with Jupiter The comet was ripped into 21 fragments by gravitational tides from Jupiter. VISIBLE LIGHT ULTRA VIOLET These fragments exploded into huge fireballs and left dark spots at the impact sites that lasted for months.

12. Interiors of the Galilean Moons

13. Io Io, the closest moon to Jupiter, is covered with many active volcanoes. Tidal forces from Jupiter and the other Galilean moons keep Io’s interior heated.

14. Europa Europa houses liquid water under its icy surface. Scars on Europa’s surface are believed to be caused by rising warmed ice.

15. Ganymede Ganymede, the largest satellite in the solar system, is even larger than Mercury. These images of Ganymede’s largest feature, a huge, dark, circular region called Galileo Regio, show deep furrows in the moon’s icy crust.

16. Callisto A huge asteroid impact still marks the surface of Callisto. Faint rings were the result of a huge impact These images show spires containing both ice and dark material.

17. Other Objects in the Jupiter System Jupiter has at least 59 other, much smaller asteroid-like moons. Four of these (below) are closer to Jupiter than Io. Tenuous ringlets (above) were discovered by Voyager I. Two torus-shaped regions of electrically-charges gas particles called plasmas (above)

18. Thanks to Ciara McHugh

20. Saturn, like Jupiter, has bands of belts and zones There is much less contrast between the belts and zones on Saturn than on Jupiter. Also, there is very little swirling structure in Saturn’s clouds.

21. Two Storms Merging on Saturn

22. The interiors of Jupiter and Saturn are similar in structure. However, with less mass, Saturn does not convert as much of its hydrogen into liquid.

23. Our view of Saturn’s rings during its 30-year revolution around the Sun At some points in its orbit, we see the full face of the rings, and sometimes the rings disappear when we see them edge-on.

24. Saturn’s Ring System Contains Numerous Thin Ringlets This apparent gap in the rings contains even more ringlets. Close inspection reveals that there are thousands of ringlets making up the rings.

25. Saturn’s rings – natural color – from Cassini

26. The F ring is kept in place by the combined effect of two small satellites, one on either side. These satellites are called shepherd satellites.

27. Detailed Views of Saturn’s F Ring

28. Dark spokes move around Saturn’s rings. These are believed to be caused by electrically-charges particles interacting with Saturn’s magnetic field.

29. Saturn has Many Diverse Moons MIMAS ENCELADUS TETHYS DIONE RHEA

30. Enceladus – Ice Plumes

31. Enceladus – Ice Plumes(false color)

32. SATURN’S BIGGEST MOON – TITAN Titan has an atmosphere three times thicker than that of Earth. It is composed of nitrogen, methane and a variety of carbon-hydrogen compounds called hydrocarbons. The Huygens Probe landed there.

33. Huygens on Titan

34. Images of Titan’s Surface from the Cassini Spacecraft

35. Map of Titan – courtesy ofthe Cassini robot spacecraft

36. Titan’s lakes – north polar regions – made of methane and ethane (hydrocarbons)

37. Rhea’s Rings Thanks to Frank Lato

38. Rhea’s Rings • New observations by a spacecraft suggest Saturn's second-largest moon may be surrounded by rings. If confirmed, it would the first time a ring system has been found around a moon. • The international Cassini spacecraft detected what appeared to be a large debris disk around the 950-mile-wide moon Rhea during a flyby in 2005. Scientists proposed that the halo likely contained particles ranging from the size of grains to boulders.

40. Uranus and Neptune are Comparable in Size EARTH ON THE SAME SCALE NEPTUNE URANUS

41. Uranus’s axis of rotation is tilted on its side, making seasonal changes drastic.

42. The interiors of Uranus and Neptune are both believed to have the same layers.

43. The magnetic fields of Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn nearly align with their respective rotation axes. In contrast, the magnetic and geographic poles of Uranus and Neptune differ greatly.

44. The Discovery of Uranus’s Dark Rings A planet’s orbit sometimes places it between a star and the Earth. When this occurs, we refer to it as an occultation. During an occultation of a star by Uranus, the starlight intensity was noticed to decrease both before and after the planet’s disk crossed. This was due to the rings surrounding the planet.

45. The Moons and Rings of Uranus The rings of Uranus are much darker than those of Saturn. There are many fine dust particles between the main rings. The moon Miranda’s patchwork surface suggests that huge chunks of rocks and ice came back together after a huge impact.

46. Neptune’s Atmosphere The Great Dark Spot was a surprising find on a planet where it was thought that temperatures were too cold to sustain such storms. Ultraviolet images reveal a band-like structure similar to Jupiter and Saturn.

47. Like Uranus, Neptune is Surrounded by Thin, Dark Rings

48. Neptune’s moon Triton has a retrograde orbit around the planet, suggesting it was captured by Neptune. A possible frozen water ice lake

50. Pluto was Discovered as it Moved against the Background of Stars Pluto’s moon Charon was originally thought to be a defect in the images of Pluto.