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The Rise of African Civilizations

The Rise of African Civilizations. Chapter 3 Section 1 Pages 206- 214. I. Africa ’ s Geography. Hans Vischer crossed Sahara on ‘ Death Road ” :Death Road ” : trade route connecting western Africa to the coast of the Mediterranean 2. Mapped route oases. Standard 7.4.1.

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The Rise of African Civilizations

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  1. The Rise of African Civilizations Chapter 3 Section 1 Pages 206- 214

  2. I. Africa’s Geography • Hans Vischer crossed Sahara on ‘Death Road” • :Death Road”: trade route connecting western Africa to the coast of the Mediterranean 2. Mapped route oases

  3. Standard 7.4.1 A. A Vast and Diverse Continent • Second largest Continent • Equator crosses middle of Africa • Rain forests along equator (10% of land) • Most of Africa covered by savanna (wide open tropical grasslands) • High temps. & uneven rain= good farm land • Deserts to the north/south of savannas Desert Savanna Rain Forest Savanna Desert

  4. Standard 7.4.1 B. What is the African Plateau? • Almost all of Africa is on plateau (area of high flat land) • many long rivers: Nile, Niger • Rich soil along rivers = good crops and powerful civilizations • Merchants use rivers to trade and share ideas Af. Plateau

  5. Standard 7.4.1, .2, .5 II. African Trading Empires • Many Africans share a common background: Bantu • Bantu settled Africa thousands of years ago Bantu Men Bantu Gatherers Bantu Hunter

  6. Standard 7.1.4, .2, .5 A. Who Were the Bantu? • Bantu spread along the Benue River • Some paddled down the Congo River through rainforests • Settled in grasslands south of Sahara Africa • Bantu spread culture: mining, pottery, iron working, language

  7. Standard 7.1.4, .2, .5 B. Trade Caravans Begin • Sahara stopped Bantu from moving north • Berbers from North Africa crossed Sahara • Berbers used horses/donkeys for trade (died in the heat) • Romans introduced camels from Asia • Camels revolutionized Saharan trade Camel caravan

  8. Standard 7.1.4, .2, .5 C. The Rise of Ghana • Salt/cloth in North Africa  Gold/Ivory in West Africa • Ghana rose due to trade • Ghana located at several trade routes/ Niger River, controlled gold mines= POWER • Ghana taxed people trade = rich • Salt = very important: 1lb. Salt = 1lb. gold

  9. Ghana • Traders had to pass through Ghana they had to pay a fee Why would traders pay a fee? • Ghana knew how to make Iron weapons (conquered people) • Ghana controlled people who owned gold mines 2. Ghana built a huge army 3. People wanted to trade items with Ghana especially salt and gold

  10. Decline of Ghana • Discovery of gold outside of Mali • Reduced taxes collected 2. Heavy farming robbed soil of minerals • Unable to grow enough crops 3. Constant warfare

  11. Mali • 2. Mali rebuilds gold and salt trade • Mansa Musa of Mali died: Mali became weak • Mali’s kings too weak to stop Berbers • Mali conquered Ghana • Sundiata Keita: “The Lion Prince”

  12. Standard 7.1.4, .2, .5 E. Rise of Songhai • Sunni Ali of Songhai drove Berbers out • Sunni Ali used war canoes to conquer river trade • Captured salt/gold mines • Sunni Ali died, but Songhaibuilt the largest West African empire

  13. Empires • Ghana taken over by Mali • Mali taken over by Songhai • Songhai taken over by Arab kingdom

  14. Standard 7.1.4, .2, .5 F. Kingdoms of the Rain Forest • Kingdoms arose in rain forests along equator • King Ewuare founded Benin in Niger River Delta • Rain forests: warm wet climate=rich farming soil= surplus crops • Surpluses used to trade or support king/artisans • Europeans traded with Benin/Kongo for slaves

  15. Standard 7.1.4, .2, .5 G. East Africa • 1005bc: Ethiopa began • Queen Makeda ruled empire of Sheba • Glory of Kings: Ethiopia’s oldest recorded history • Makeda met with King Solomon: introduced Judaism to Ethiopia from Israel Queen Makeda of Sheba

  16. Standard 7.1.4, .2, .5 H. What Was Axum? • Ethiopa stayed strong (called Abyssinia back then) • Power centered in Axum • Axum located next to Red Sea: great trade routes • 300AD: King Ezana fought Kush: won • 334: King Ezana converted to Christianity King Ezana’s stele in Axum

  17. Standard 7.1.4, .2, .5 I. Coastal City-States • Arabs traded w/ E. Africa long before rise of Islam • Arabs invented triangular sail to power dhows • 700s: Muslim traders settle in E. Africa • Mus. establish trading ports along coast • Ports included Mogadishu, Kilwa, Mombasa, and Zanzibar Arab Dhow Arab Merchants

  18. J. What Was the Great Zimbabwe? • 700: Shona founded Zimbabwe in SE Africa • 1400s: kings Mutota and Matope made Zimbabwe into powerful trade empire: ivory, copper, gold • Today: over 300 large stone ruins still stand The Great Zimbabwe Ruins @ The Great Zimbabwe

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