Fungi

1. Fungi biology

2. Fungi • Cell walls contain chitin • A tough carbohydrate molecule • Never form flagellated spores • Heterotrophic • Most are multicellular • Protista • Cell walls contain silica • Like diatoms • Not all Protista contain cell walls • Form flagellated spores • Or reproduce by splitting apart • Autotrophs and heterotrophs • Many unicellular Fungi to Protista

3. Fungi • Are heterotrophic • They can grow in many places • Must be moist though • Can be warm or cold- but prefer the warm temperatures • Most grow as multicellular organisms • Some like yeast are unicellular

4. Multicellular fungi form when many hyphae come together to make a mycelium • You may not see the mycelium, many times it is underground • Hyphae can be separated by septa- a wall that divides cells • Most are porous which allows nutrients and nuclei to pass easily.

5. Hyphae have different uses in the multicellular organism • Anchors to a surface • Produce reproductive spores • Get food for the organism

6. Getting energy • Must use extracellular digestion to obtain nutrients • Fungi releases digestive enzymes that breaks down the large organic molecules into less complex molecules that can then be absorbed and used by the fungi • Growth, repair, and reproduction • The more a mycelium grows, the more surface area there is to digest and absorb nutrients

7. 3 ways to get food • Saprophyte- a decomposer • Mutualism- grow and help other organisms • Parasitic- grow into host cells and hurt them

8. Reproduction • Can be asexual through • Fragmentation- when hyphae are cut, they then form new mycelium • Budding- yeast produces buds through mitosis, these form new cells • Spores- used to get cells farther away from area to grow on something else. • Many times you can only see the sporangium, the specialized spore making cell that sticks up away from the rest of the mycelium • Spores are light and easy to transfer by wind, animals, water • Also, sexual through the use of spores

10. 4 major phyla • Zygomycotes • Bread mold • Ascomycotes • truffles • Basidomycotes • mushrooms • Deuteromycotes • Makes penicillin

11. Mycorrhizae • Fungus that is mutualistic with plant roots • The expansion of the mycorrhizae into the soil allows for more nutrient uptake for the plant. The hyphae will intake nutrients and water • The plant then gives sugars and amino acids to the fungi. • Mutualism- both benefit

12. Lichens • A symbiotic relationship between a fungi and a cyanobacterium. They can grow almost anywhere: rocks, concrete, trees • Fungi forms a layer of hyphae in which to absorb nutrients and create a hold on the object • Bacteria provides energy from photosynthesis