Machu Picchu

1. Machu Picchu

2. Machu Picchu Machu Picchu is the most visited tourist attraction in Peru. It is 70 kms northwest of Cusco. Machu Picchu was constructed around 1450, at the height of the Inca empire, and was abandoned less than 100 years later, as the empire collapsed under Spanish conquest. The presence of numerous temples and ritual structures indicate that Machu Picchu held spiritual significance for the Inca. Over the centuries, the surrounding jungle grew to enshroud the site, and few knew of its existence. It wasn’t until 1911 that american historian and explorer Hiram Bingham brought the “lost” city to the world’s attention.

3. Location • The legendary 'Lost City of Machu Picchu‘, located high in the Peruvian Andes, is without a doubt the most important tourist attraction in Peru and one of the world's most impressive archaeological and civil engineering sites.

4. Machu Picchu stands in the middle of a tropical mountain forest, in an extraordinarily beautiful setting. It was an amazing urban creation of Inca Empire at its height its giant walls, terraces and ramps seem as if they have been cut naturally in the continuous rock escarpments. The natural setting, on the eastern slopes of the Andes, encompasses the upper Amazon basin with its rich diversity of flora and fauna.

5. The space is composed of 140 constructions including temples, sanctuaries, parks and residences, houses with thatched roofs.

6. Machu Picchu is a UNESCO World Heritage site. It is Peru’s most visited tourist attraction (400,000 in 2003) and major revenue generator. A no-fly zone exists in the area.

7. From the top, at the cliff of Machu Picchu, is a vertical precipice of 600 meters ending at the foot of the Urubamba River.

8. Machu Picchu is located about 2,350 meters above sea level. All visits to Machu Picchu at some point leave from Cusco, which can be reached via a domestic flight from Lima, or international flight from La Paz, in Bolivia. Many tourists take morning train from Cusco (3.5 hours journey) explore the ruins for a few hours and return to Cusco in the afternoon. From Puente Ruinas station buses take tourists up the mountain to Machu Picchu.

9. Thousands of tourists hike the Inca Trail – each year, a two to four day journey on foot from the Urubamba valley up through the Andes mountain range. They require travelers to be reasonably fit. The trip involves sleeping in tents.

10. Bingham and others hypothesized that the citadel was the traditional birthplace of the Inca people or the spiritual center of the “virgins of the sun,” while curators of a recent exhibit have speculated that Machu Picchu was a royal retreat.

11. All of the construction in Machu Picchu uses the classic Inca architectural style of polished dry-stone walls of regular shape. The Incas were masters of this technique, called ashlar, in which blocks of stone are cut to fit together tightly without mortar.

12. How they moved and placed enormous blocks of stones is a mystery, although the general belief is that they used hundreds of men to push the stones up inclined planes.

13. There are more than one hundred flights of stone steps – often completely carved in a single block of granite.

14. It is unknown if the Incas left behind any documentation about building process because the writing they employed, called khipus, has not been translated.

15. Setting • The natural setting on the eastern slope of the Andes encompasses the upper Amazon basin with its rich diversity of species. • The whole archaeological complex covers approximately 5 square km. It is situated in the high jungle. • Its climate is semi-tropical, warm and humid.

16. Setting • The Ancient City was built by the Incas on the summit of "Machu Picchu" (Old Peak). • It overlooks the deep canyon of the Urubamba River in a semi-tropical area 120 km (75 miles) from the city of Cusco at 7,000 feet above sea level.

17. Introduction • Machu Picchu was probably the most amazing urban creation of the Incan Empire, with its giant walls, terraces and ramps, which appear as though they have been cut naturally into the rock escarpments. • This site was so well constructed that even after 5 centuries of neglect in the Peruvian jungle, only the thatch and reed roofs are missing.

18. Llamas keep the grass tidy and are capable of reaching many spots inaccessible by lawnmowers or sheep.

19. Llamas roam freely over the entire site.

21. Machu Picchu The valley below and the zig-zag road leading up to Machu Picchu.

22. Machu Picchu • Machu Picchu was a complex of temples, palaces and observatories and was believed to be the home of the Inca ruling classes. • From here, high priests made observations and calculations enabling them to chart the heavens - a knowledge which gave them both religious authority and temporal power.

23. Discovery • Machu Picchu is also one of the Inca's best kept secrets, since they did not leave written records and Spanish chronicles make no mention of the citadel, it remains a mystery. • The City was discovered in 1911 by the American Yale professor, Hiram Bingham.

24. Discovery • The building style is "late imperial Inca" thought to have been a sanctuary or temple inhabited by high priests and the "Virgins of the Sun" (chosen women). • Excavations revealed that of the 135 skeletons found,109 were women. No signs of post Conquest occupation were unearthed.

25. Machu Picchu • The original entrance to the complex is on the southwestern side of the citadel at the end of the Inca Trail, a short walk away from "Intipunko " (Sun Gate), the ancient final check point to Machu Picchu. • The present entrance on the southeastern side leads to the agricultural section.

26. Machu Picchu • The complex can be divided in three distinct sections: Agricultural, Urban, and Religious. • The urban section starts at the wall that separates it from the agricultural area, this group of buildings were constructed on the ridge that descends abruptly to the Urubamba valley.

27. 3 Distinct Sections • View of left side from above. Urban on left, agricultural on far right. Religious upper left.

28. Religious • Intihuatana (altar) The central plaza that separates the religious from the urban section, has a great rock in the center. The religious section contains splendid architecture and masonry works. One of the most important and enigmatic is probably the Intihuatana shrine, this block of granite was presumably used to make astronomical observations.

29. Religious • Curved outer temple of the Sun wall. • The "Temple of the Sun", is a circular tower with some of the best stonework of Machu Picchu. • Its base forms a cavern known as the Royal Tomb. • Recent studies show that the actual purpose was for astronomical observance.

30. Agricultural • The agricultural area consists of a series of terraces and channels that serve dual purpose, as cultivation platforms and as retention walls to avoid erosion.

31. Residential / Agricultural • Looking up terraces to huts. Some smaller buildings next to large terraces are part of this section and thought to have served as lookout posts.

32. Urban • In the southern part of this section are found a series of niches carved on rock known as "the jail" with elements that include man size niches, stone rings would have served to hold the prisoner's arms, and underground dungeons.

33. Urban • The group of refined structures next to "the jail" is known as the "intellectuals' quarters", with tall walls, nooks, and windows built with reddish stone. • They are considered to have been accommodations for the Amautas (high ranked teachers).

34. Urban One of the buildings has several circular holes carved on the rock floor named the "mortar room" believed to have been used for preparation of dyes.

35. Urban • The largest urban section in Machu Picchu is located on the north western part. It is reached by a 67 steps staircase and involves a group of buildings not as finely constructed as other parts of the complex.

36. Huayna Picchu • Huayna Picchu, young peak, is as much a part of the site as the buildings of the citadel, the towering granite peak overlooks Machu Picchu to the North with a steep well preserved original Inca path, well worth the one hour climb for an astounding view of the citadel and the entire valley.

37. Discovery: MACHU PICCHU • Hiram Bingham found many objects of stone, bronze, ceramic and obsidian, but no gold or silver. • There should have been fabulous riches of these metals comparable to those found at the 'Temple of the Sun' in Cuzco where even the garden contained life-size gold replicas of maize and other plants.

38. The Fall • The Peruvian scholar Dr Victor Angles Vargas thinks the city became depopulated toward the end of the 15th century before the Spaniards arrived. • Perhaps the city was ravaged by a plague so terrible it was permanently quarantined by the authorities. • What brought this about is one of the deepest enigmas surrounding this sacred site.

39. Only from the nearby hilltop observatory of Intipunku, can you visualize the full extent of this great engineering and architectural site.

40. Hydrology • Machu Picchu sits on the top of a mountain ridge so where did the Inca get their water? • In 1976, Ken Wright-the president of Wright Water Engineers, of Denver decided to find out. After all, who better to study the Inca water supply than a water engineer? • Wright spent the next 20 years seeking permission from the Peruvian government to study water engineering at Machu Picchu. • In 1994 he was finally granted permission by the Peruvian government, with political coaxing from President Clinton.

41. The Questions • Wright soon discovered that the Incas had accumulated a practical knowledge of hydrology, hydraulics, drainage, and foundation engineering. • "They had a perfect site," notes Wright, but its suitability would have been apparent only to a trained engineer. • The slopes were steep; how would buildings be prevented from sliding downhill in a heavy rain? • How would drinking water be made accessible? • And from what source would the water come?

42. Urban Planning Left side of ruins. The Citadel is a stupendous achievement in urban planning, civil engineering, architecture and stone masonry. • Wright discovered that the Inca must have planned the city carefully before building it. • First, the Inca engineers had to determine the exact location of the spring and whether it would meet the needs of the anticipated population.

43. Urban Planning. Water Source 1st • The Wright team found that the spring, on a steep mountain slope to the north of Machu Picchu, is fed by a 16.3 ha tributary drainage basin. • After conducting an inflow-outflow evaluation, the team also concluded that the spring draws on drainage from a much larger hydrogeologic catchment basin.

44. Urban Planning • There was no ‘urban sprawl’ in this mountain retreat of about 1,000 residents; thoughtful consideration was made before the first stone was cut. • The placement of the residence of the Inka (the title of the ruler is used today to name the people) was determined by the location of the mountain spring. • The Inca engineers built the canal at a slope that allowed gravity to pull the water at just the speed they desired for the city’s use, then they used that information to place the royal residence, as well as, the city.

45. Natural Springs to Canal • A natural spring flows from a geological fault above the city on the steep side of Monte Machu Picchu. • The Inka’s gathered drinkable water from the spring by building a wall in a cut in the mountainside that they had made. • This stone wall was made to let water through, unlike their watertight stone canal into which the spring poured.

46. Enhancing the Water Source • The Inca enhanced the yield of the spring by building a spring collection system set into the hillside. • The system consists of a stone wall about 14.6 m long and up to 1.4 m high. • Water from the spring seeps through the wall into a rectangular stone trench about 0.8 m wide. • Water from a secondary spring enters the canal about 80 m west of the primary spring. • The Inca also built a 1.5 to 2 m wide terrace to allow easy access for operating and maintaining the spring works. • The spring system still works today, after some minor repairs and cleaning were done.

47. The System • Special consideration was given to the water system: • a stone canal brought water to the city from a mountain spring; • fountains were built throughout the city for different purposes; • drainage and irrigation systems were on integral parts of the city.

48. Conveying the Water: The Canal • Before the city could be built, the Inca engineers had to plan how to convey the water from the spring-at an elevation of 2,458 m-to the proposed site on the ridge below. • They decided to build a canal 749 m long with a slope of about 3 percent. • Within the city walls, the water would be made accessible through a series of 16 fountains, the first of which would be reserved for the emperor. • Thus the canal design determined the location of the emperor's residence and the layout of the entire city of Machu Picchu.

49. The Canal • The Inca built the water supply canal on a relatively steady grade, depending on gravity flow to carry the water from the spring to the city center. • They used cut stones to construct a channel that typically ranged from 10 to 16 cm deep and 10 to 12 cm wide at the bottom. • Wright's team concluded that the nominal design capacity of the channel was about 300 L/min.

50. Canal • The canal lost little water due to its tight fitting stones and additional clay sealant. • The canal was so well built that today, after 500 years; it would work after minor repairs (mostly clearing old landslides that have filled the canal way). • During the cities occupation the canal was maintained by an Inka access road. • The 749 meter (2,457 foot) canal ended at the first of 16 fountains built in the city.