Building , integrating, programmimg M arine Observatories in the Mediterranean Laurent Mortier

1. Building, integrating, programmimgMarine Observatories in the Mediterranean Laurent Mortier ENSTA/LOCEAN • Plan • Mediterranean circulation : main characteristics to observe • Global Mediterranean marine observatories • What can gliders bring to marine observatories ? • Infrastructures, MEUST

2. Atlantic Water • source: Gibraltar. Monitored but difficult (tides, mixing, traffic, …) • O(1) Sv at Gibraltar, between E and W basin and coastal currents (30-50km wide) • Coastal path and very strong eddy activity in the South • Long lived eddies, large transport (> O(1) Sv) : Net transport (eddy flux) ? • Clim.change: stable or small decrease • Monitoring : some key sections (straits, passages), Antares section ? Isobath 500m From Millot and Taupier-Letage

3. Courtesy: Isabelle TAUPIER-LETAGE Bo Mi Jan. 1998 Tr Me

4. Isobath 500m • LIW • source: extended Rhodes basin. No mooring • O(1) Sv between E and W basins • Coastal path and significant eddy mixing • Net eddy flux toward the interior may be similar to the along shore flux • Clim.change: small decrease • Monitoring: key sections • Deep waters • AdDW sources • Source: Otranto basin/ Mooring • Clim.change: moderate decrease • AeDW sources • Source: Crete basin/ Mooring EuroSite • Clim.change: ? • WMDW sources • Source: Medoc area/Dyf. 3 Moorings • Clim.change: strong decrease • Monitoring: Hydrochange Isobaths 1000m and 2750m From Millot and Taupier-Letage

5. Global initiatives for Earth observations • GEO (2005): Group on Earth Observations • GEOSS : Global Earth Observation System of Systems • provide a global context for the implementation of observation systems in particular for climate • connects the producers of data and decision-support tools with the end users (incl. research) • GMES : Global Monitoring forEnvironment and Security • EuroGoos plays a significant role for regional obs. • but weak European coordination for the global ocean climate obs.

6. In this context ARGO: • provides a quantitative description of the changing state of the upper ocean, including heat and freshwater storage and transport. • the data enhance the value of the Jason altimeter to permit interpretation of altimetric sea surface height variability. • Argo data are essential for initializing ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere forecast models, for data assimilation and for model testing. • Plans for 20% of profilers with O2 and biogeochemical (optical) sensors • EuroARGO is the European contribution (ESFRI roadmap) • In this context OceanSites : • provides long-term, deepwater reference stations measuring dozens of variables • monitors the full depth of the ocean from air-sea interactions down to 5,000 meters. • consists of about 30 surface and 30 subsurface arrays with satellite telemetry and NRTaccess. • complements satellite imagery and ARGO float data by adding the dimensions of time and depth. Global Climate Observing System Initial “Global Ocean Observing System for Climate”Status of the implementation from the plans madeby GOSC and JCOMM • A total of 6279 platforms are maintained globally. • Of these, 2850 are sponsored by NOAA. 57% January 2007 Total in situ networks 57% 100% 42% 81% 91% 43% 66% 21% 48% Courtesy : M. Visbeck, IFM

7. Operationnal oceanography • Data+models : assimilation • Global models (~ 10km) • Regional and local models (~kms, ~hds m) • Daily delivery of a wide range of products • to a wide range of users (incl. research) • MyOcean : toward an European centre ? • Plans for ‘green’ ocean forecasting

8. Platform based observatories : VOS This figure represents the optimal network, based on existing/actual shipping lines. It includes routes crossing the whole basins, sampling the dense water formation areas (shaded areas), and investigating poorly-known areas (southern parts). TRANSMED, CIESMprogram PI : I. Taupier-Letage, COM VOS-XBT, programme CCE, MedGOOS et MOON PI : G. Manzella, ENEA, It

9. Platform based observatories : Moorings EURO-Sites, programme 7PCRD, Eur-Oceans NoE PI : R. Lampitt, NOCS HYDROCHANGE (deep sea T&S long term monitoring and variability), programme CIESM PI : P. Raimbault, COM

10. Regional thematic observatories ADRICOSM MOOSE VECTOR SOCIB POSEIDON Fully operational Different starting/ending status Foreseeable

11. The POSEIDON System

12. Deep sea floor observatories: EMSO • North Western Med. • valuable for NC. WMDW if W ext. • Eastern Mediterranean • valuable for AeDW and LIW • Central Mediterranean • valuable for AdDW outflow ? • Iberian Obs. • valuable for Med. outflow ADRICOSM MOOSE VECTOR SOCIB POSEIDON

13. Glider technology contrôle de flottabilité = +/-250g Contrôle de flottabilité et distribution interne des poids vitesse verticale, roulis et tangage vitesse horizontale et direction Spray : Scripps Institution for Oceanography Seaglider : University of Washington Slocum : Teledyn Webb Research Sterne: ENSIETA SeaExplorer : ACSA Slocum thermique CB CG portance trainée totale ~ 40 km/j Up to 1000 m dives 400m to 4km resolution

14. Coordinated deployments of 10 gliders in winter 2008 Temperature at 200m

15. Capabilities offered by gliders today 2) Long endurance (with Lithium batteries = 3-6 months ~ 2000-4000 km) 3) Possibility to measure physical and biogeochemical parameters (optical properties) 4) Very high density and resolution of the measurements 5) Next generation : 6000m-1year glider (Un. Wash.) and more versatile instruments Gliders can significantly increase our capacity for in-situ observations novel multidisciplinary 4-dimensional surveys of the upper ocean interior Gliders can bring an important benefit to operational observing systems Gliders can be used as investigation tools dedicated for process studies Gliders are “teenagers” with great expectations 1) Steering possibility: - repeated sections (endurance lines) - virtual mooring - respond to events - adaptive sampling - cooperation with other platforms

16. Momentum budget with gliders at station PAPA PAPA No direct w measurement  w from vorticity balance Courtesy: C. Eriksen and S. Emerson, UW

17. Gliders in the RAPID array Monitoring of the Meridional Overturning Streamfunction at 25oN

18. Trend or noise ? Ensemble of climate models hind/forecasts Drijfhout & Hazeleger Drijfhout & Hazeleger

19. Geostrophy between moorings  integrated mass flux • Good accuracy but: • no detailed information on heat transport • no information on space variability • Gliders can help to fill the gap between moorings including eddy fluxes Gliders in the RAPID array

20. Large scale array of moorings of well calibrated instruments • acoustic tomography • real time telemetry • gliders in the future The MOVE array

21. 100 m 400 m 500 m 1000 m PHY E 2000 m N S W PRO BIO 2400 m Such a strategy within the MEUST context

22. Infrastructures for marine observations in Europe • Drivers to consider : • Offshore observations for physics and biogeochemistry : Strong driver from GMES and climate. Growing importance of biology (e.g. OceanObs’09) • National vs European : Need for matching priorities (roadmaps, in particular ESFRI and GMES InSitu Coordination) • National vs European : Growing European integration as we go offshore (EuroGOOS and spec. Mediterranean Operational Oceanography Network/MedGOOS) • Coastal, shelf, (offshore) : strong driver from WFD and now MSFD • Existing transverse components to consider in a given regional context • EuroARGO (ESFRI) : +++ • EuroSites (FP7) : ends 03/2011 • JERICO (FP7 ERIC call) : create a network toward a transparent organization for an operational service … for the marine environment of European’s coastal seas • Ferrybox (VOS) : Mature and sustained network in Northern Seas. No real plan for the Med. Same for CPR. • EGO (gliders) : “Need to foster collaboration with GMES” (what we are doing now) • EMSO (ESFRI) : “It is not obvious also that EMSO is the long term infrastructure needed to organize and fund EuroSITES as seabed observatories are less mature and very expensive” • Nothing in Europe for Coastal radars for surface currents ! • Excerpt for GISC EEA Jun 1-2 2010 workshop report

23. From the MEUST design sketched (yesterday talks) • Science : ++, with (still) better integration of the water column • Real time : +++. Consider also acoustic telemetry with surface buoys • Data management : need for clear data policy matching European standards • Spatial design : ++ if DeepSeaNet concept operationnal (tbd) • Antares as coastal MOOSE “supersite” • Cross current mooring array (see MOTTO), coordination with Marseilles site • Coastal radars and gliders • Good upstream conditions for Gulf of Lions and downstream (SOCIB) • Antares as “test site” for ocean technologies : optimal context • Antares as “pure” marine research site : not obvious (but today talks !) • Funding : • French context only • Very difficult in the GISC context if no clear proof of EMSO added value