Reasoning

1. Reasoning

2. Unraveling the mystery of Inductive & Deductive Arguments An Introduction • What is an Argument? • What is the difference between an Inductive and Deductive Argument? • How is this difference related to research?

3. Sherlockian or Holmesian deduction “It is a capital mistake to theorise before you have all the evidence. It biases the judgment.” “The temptation to form premature theories upon insufficient data is the bane of our profession.” “Data! Data! Data!” he cried impatiently. “I can't make bricks without clay.”

4. What is an Argument? • More than an assertion • A series of statements offering reasons and evidence that support an assertion.

5. 3 Parts of an Argument • Premises – statements of assumed fact that support a conclusion • Inferences – the reasoning parts of the argument that link the premises with the conclusion • Conclusion – what is drawn from the premises and inferences

6. Example of an assertion: How could Holmes have created an argument to support this assertion? Upon observing Watson’s scraped shoes, Holmes tells his friend that he has “a most clumsy and careless servant girl.”

7. Example of an argument

8. Deductive & Inductive Arguments • Deduction • Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is true. • Draws on previous knowledge • Starting point is a set of concepts or a conceptual scheme • “Theory-driven” • “Top-down” • Induction • Developing a general principle from specific cases and observations. • Part of the discovery process • Starting point is the observation of specific cases • “Data-driven” • “Bottom-up”

9. Deductive & Inductive Arguments • Deduction • Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is true. • Draws on previous knowledge • Starting point is a set of concepts or a conceptual scheme • “Theory-driven” • “Top-down” • Induction • Developing a general principle from specific cases and observations. • Part of the discovery process • Starting point is the observation of specific cases • “Data-driven” • “Bottom-up”

10. Deductive & Inductive Arguments • Deduction • Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is true. • Draws on previous knowledge • Starting point is a set of concepts or a conceptual scheme • “Theory-driven” • “Top-down” • Induction • Developing a general principle from specific cases and observations. • Part of the discovery process • Starting point is the observation of specific cases • “Data-driven” • “Bottom-up”

11. Deductive & Inductive Arguments • Deduction • Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is true. • Draws on previous knowledge • Starting point is a set of concepts or a conceptual scheme • “Theory-driven” • “Top-down” • Induction • Developing a general principle from specific cases and observations. • Part of the discovery process • Starting point is the observation of specific cases • “Data-driven” • “Bottom-up”

12. Deductive & Inductive Arguments • Deduction • Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is true. • Draws on previous knowledge • Starting point is a set of concepts or a conceptual scheme • “Theory-driven” • “Top-down” • Induction • Developing a general principle from specific cases and observations. • Part of the discovery process • Starting point is the observation of specific cases • “Data-driven” • “Bottom-up”

13. Deduction Induction Grounded Theory Theory-Driven Research

14. Example: Deduction • Every student in the class has a Facebook page. Sam is a student in the class. Therefore, Sam has a Facebook page. Begins with a general concept Ends with a very certain conclusion

15. Example: Induction • Francine watches Fox News regularly. People who are politically conservative usually enjoy watching Fox. Francine is probably politically conservative. Begins with a specific observation Draws an uncertain but probable conclusion using informal or everyday argument

16. Example: Induction • Francine watches Fox News regularly. People who are politically conservative usually enjoy watching Fox. Francine is probably politically conservative. Inference

17. Example: Induction • Francine watches Fox News regularly. People who are politically conservative usually enjoy watching Fox. Francine is probably politically conservative. Draws an uncertain but probable conclusion using informal or everyday argument

18. Induction or Deduction? According to Social Cognitive Theory, people learn by watching what others do. These “others” serve as models for behavior. This modeling can be interpersonal as well as mediated. Therefore, when Bobby watches his favorite characters on TV, the behaviors they model can influence his behavior. • Induction • Deduction

19. Induction or Deduction? • A sample of 200 students at a large northeastern university revealed that 175 students (87.5%) have used their phones to text their friends during class. Thus, if you are teaching a class, you can expect close to 88% of your students to be texting while you’re teaching. • Induction • Deduction

20. Deduction & Induction:One or the other? • In practice, deduction often includes elements of induction and vice versa. • Rooted in theoretical reflection • Both persuasive • Deductive arguments are “truth-preserving” • Inductive arguments open us to knew ideas and expand our knowledge • Work together

21. Scene of the Crime