CRM archaeo Modelling Context, Stratigraphic Unit, Excavated Matter

1. CRMarchaeo Modelling Context, Stratigraphic Unit, Excavated Matter CIDOC 2014 Chryssoula Bekiari Center for Cultural Informatics, Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas Dresden 6-11 September 2014 (updated January 2015)

2. Scope Maximize interpretation capability after excavation or to continue excavation To Reason on excavation (goals). What is the archaeological question? Possible revision of knowledge after excavation Comparing previous excavations on same site (space) Enable all kinds of comprehensive statistical studies (“collective behaviour”)

3. CRMarchaeo Things E18 Physical Thing E72 Legal Object E70 Thing S10 Material Substantial S20 Physical Feature A8 Stratigraphic Unit S22 Segment of Matter A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit A3 Stratigraphic Interface

4. CRMarchaeo Temporal Entities E2 Temporal Entity A7 Embedding S16 State E3 Condition P9 consists of (forms part of) E4 Period A5 Stratigraphic Modification Event A4 Stratigraphic Genesis S18 Alteration E5 Event S17 Physical Genesis E11 Modification E12 Production E7 Activity S1 Matter Removal S2 Sample Taking S3 Measurement by Sampling E13 Attribute Assignment A6 Group Declaration Event S4 Observation S21 Measurement S19 Encounter Event A1 Excavation Process Unit 4

5. Modelling stratigraphic units A8 Stratigraphic Unit A3 Stratigraphic Interface A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit

6. Modelling stratigraphic units A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit  comprises connected portions of terrain or other solid structure on, in, or under the surface of earth or seafloor exhibiting some homogeneity of structure or substance and completely bounded by surfaces or discontinuities in substance or structure with respect to other portions of the terrain or surfaces of objects/finds … may contain physical objects. … can be attributed to a single genesis event or process and have the potential to be observed. … is regarded to exist as long as a part of its matter is still in place with respect to a surrounding reference space A3 Stratigraphic Interface comprises coherent parts of the boundary surface of one or more stratigraphic units, which appears as result of a common genesis event or process. In particular it may be due to a removal process, which may be part of the genesis process of a Stratigraphic Unit or not. .. …confines (AP12) partly or completely the surface (A3 Stratigraphic Interface) of an A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit. One A3 Stratigraphic Interface may confine two or more A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Units.

7. physical relationships Modelling stratigraphic units AP11 has physical relation A8 Stratigraphic Unit A8 Stratigraphic Unit 37 above above A8 Stratigraphic Unit 36 A8 Stratigraphic Unit 34 above A8 Stratigraphic Unit 35

8. temporal relationshipsModelling Stratigraphic unit AP13 has stratigraphic relation (is stratigraphic relation of) A4 Stratigraphic Genesis AP7 produced (was produced by) AP14 justified by AP11 has physical relation A8 Stratigraphic Unit A8 Stratigraphic Unit 37 above above A8 Stratigraphic Unit 36 A8 Stratigraphic Unit 34 above A8 Stratigraphic Unit 35

9. temporal relationships Modelling Stratigraphic unit relationships AP13 has stratigraphic relation (is stratigraphic relation of) A4 Stratigraphic Genesis AP7 produced (was produced by) AP14 justified by AP11 has physical relation A8 Stratigraphic Unit A4 Stratigraphic Genesis 37 A4 Stratigraphic Genesis 36 A4 Stratigraphic Genesis 34 A8 Stratigraphic Unit 37 A8 Stratigraphic Unit 36 above above A8 Stratigraphic Unit 34 above A8 Stratigraphic Unit 35 A4 Stratigraphic Genesis 35

10. Reasoning on temporal relationships Modelling Stratigraphic unit relationships AP13 has stratigraphic relation (is stratigraphic relation of) A4 Stratigraphic Genesis AP7 produced (was produced by) AP14 justified by AP11 has physical relation A8 Stratigraphic Unit A4 Stratigraphic Genesis 37 after A4 Stratigraphic Genesis 36 after A4 Stratigraphic Genesis 34 A8 Stratigraphic Unit 37 A8 Stratigraphic Unit 36 above above A8 Stratigraphic Unit 34 above after A8 Stratigraphic Unit 35 A4 Stratigraphic Genesis 35 Instance of

11. Stratigraphic Genesis S18 Alteration E7 Activity AP13 has stratigraphic relation S17 Physical Genesis A5 Stratigraphic Modification Event A1 Excavation Process Unit A process resulting in the displacement of a limited amount of matter which has settled into a relatively stable form AP1 produced AP9 took matter from A4 Stratigraphic Genesis S10 Material Substantial S20 Physical Feature AP7 produced S11 Amount of Matter AP8 disturbed AP10 is part of A8 Stratigraphic Unit S22 Segment of Matter AP11 has physical relation AP24 is or contains remains of A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit A3 Stratigraphic Interface E18 Physical Thing AP12 is confined by

12. A1 Excavation Process Unit …comprises activities of excavating in the sense of archaeology which are documented as a coherent set of actions of progressively recording and removing matter from a pre-specified location under specific rules. …would be terminated if significant discontinuities of substance or finds come to light, or if the activity should be interrupted due to external factors, such as end of a working day… the termination would be based on predefined physical specifications, … the boundaries of a maximal volume of matter intended to be excavated in one unit of excavation. …may intend to remove matter only within the boundaries of a particular stratigraphic unit, or it may follow a pre-declared spatial extent such as a trench. …may only uncover, clean or expose a structure or parts of it. …results in the production of a set of recorded (documentation) data …sufficient to provide researchers enough information regarding the consistence and spatial distribution of the excavated Segment of Matter and things and features embedded in it..

13. Excavation Process Unit E29 Design or Procedure P9 consists of (forms part of) E55 Type planned area technique E7 Activity P32 used general technique P67 refers to P33 used specific technique E55 Type for drawings before excavating about where to excavate methodology E53 Place P32 used general technique AP3 excavated 3D excavated area E55 Type P125 used object of type A1 Excavation Process Unit tools AP21 occupied P13 destroyed P21 had general purpose segment of Matter that happened to be at the excavated place S22 Segment of Matter E55 Type AP5 cut “find Solomon’s Temple” S10 Material Substantial A8 Stratigraphic Unit P17 was motivated by AP6 intended to approximate AP4 produced surface AP1 produced AP2 discarded into A3 Stratigraphic Interface E73 Information Object preserved part or total of matter E26 Physical Feature research question “surface” P9 consists of S11 Amount of Matter S11 Amount of Matter S19 Encounter Event “a basket” “a heap”

14. Document “in situ” findings A7 Embedding P9 consists of (forms part of) A1 Excavation Process Unit E5 Event P9 consists of comprises the states of E18 Physical Things during their complete or partial embedding in one or more A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Units. E3 Condition State “positioning” S19 Encounter Event AP17 is found by “state, refinement of position” A7 Embedding AP15 has found object AP18 is embedding of AP20 is embedding at AP19 is embedding in E18 Physical Thing E53 Place A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit “the Physical Object has a position at least up to the point of discovery” “found at a place”

15. Conclusions CRMsci provides a comprehensive model for observation metadata regardless science and method. CRMarchaeo allows for a common representation of archaeological records and survey data, widely independent of local methodology. Still to be done: Specializations into analytical methods and reference data sets. Links: CRMarchaeo is available at http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/CRMext/CRMarchaeo.rdfs