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Chapter 34

Chapter 34. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933–1941. I. The London Conference. London Economic Conference 1933 Organize an international attack on the depression FDR didn’t cooperate w/ other nations Results of the failed conference

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Chapter 34

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  1. Chapter 34 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933–1941

  2. I. The London Conference • London Economic Conference 1933 • Organize an international attack on the depression • FDR didn’t cooperate w/ other nations • Results of the failed conference • Reflected the powerful persistence of U.S. isolation • More economic nationalism • Increased the power of dictators

  3. II. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians • Roosevelt withdraws from Asia • Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934 • Independence of the Philippines by 1946 • But keep U.S. naval bases • Roosevelt’s one internationalist gesture • He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 • USSR balanced Nazi Germany & a militaristic Japan

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  5. III. Becoming a Good Neighbor • The Good Neighbor policy • Consultation & nonintervention in South American • FDR’s new era in relations with Latin America • Renounce armed invention in Latin America • End of Roosevelt Corollary (?) • Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy: • Increased goodwill among the people of the south

  6. IV. Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreements • The Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934) • Activated the low-tariff policies of the New Dealers • US foreign trade increased appreciably • Paved the way for post WWII international economy

  7. V. Storm-Cellar Isolationism • Spread of totalitarianism • Stalin’s communist USSR led the way • Benito Mussolini’s Fascist Italy • Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany • Tojo’s militaristic Japan • In 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis • Johnson Debt Default Act (1934) • Debtor nations couldn’t borrow more from U.S.

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  10. VI. Congress Legislates Neutrality • The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 • U.S. not allowed to trade or loan to a belligerent • U.S. no distinctions between aggressor or victim • U.S. unwittingly helped dictators • By not helping friendly nations

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  12. VII. America Dooms Loyalist Spain • The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 • Francisco Franco overthrew elected government • Supported by Mussolini’s Italy & Hitler’s Germany • Abraham Lincoln Brigade • 3,000 American’s go to Spain to fight as volunteers • Goal- to defend the elected government (Loyalists) • Naval construction act (~$1 Billion) 1938 • Most said - too little, too late

  13. VIII. Appeasing Japan and Germany • Japan’s militarists launch all-out China invasion • U.S. response - The Quarantine Speech • Called for a “quarantine” on aggressors • Munich Conference (September 1938) • Sudetenland / Czechoslovakia to Germany • Appeasement of the dictators

  14. IX. Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality • The notorious Hitler-Stalin pact • Gave Hitler the green light to attack • America overwhelmingly anti-Nazi and anti-Hitler • America fervently hoped democracies would win • America desperately determined to stay out • The Neutrality Act of 1939 • Allies could buy on “cash-and-carry basis.” • This unneutral neutrality law hurt China

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  16. X. The Fall of France • Germany takes Poland (Sept 1939) • GB & France declare war on Germany • “Phony war” • Germany takes invades Denmark, Norway • Soviets invade Finland • Germany invades / controls France (June 1940) • Roosevelt’s prepares to fight • Congress appropriated $37 billion • Congress passed a conscription law • The Havana Conference of 1940: • 21 ‘American’ nations agree to defend western hemisphere

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  18. XI. Refugees from the Holocaust • Kristallnacht, the “night of broken glass” • The ship St. Louis refused entry to U.S. • The War Refugee Board • 150,000 Jews, mostly Germans and Austrians, Okd

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  21. XII. Bolstering Britain • Battle of Britain (Air bombardment) • Debate about U.S. policy • Interventionists, “Britain Is Fighting Our Fight” • To isolationists. “All Methods Short of War” • Britain: In critical need • On September 2, 1940, U.S. gave 50 old ships • U.S. got 8 military base sites in N & S America

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  23. XIII. Shattering the Two-Term Tradition • Republicans: Wendell L. Willkie of Indiana • Condemned FDR’s alleged dictatorship, New Deal • Democrats: FDR (third term) • Third term better than a “Third-Rater.” • The 1940 election results • FDR wins popular vote 27,307,819 to 22,321,018 • FDR wins the electoral count 449 to • Democratic majorities in Congress basically same

  24. Map 34-1 p791

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  26. XIV. A Landmark Lend-Lease Law • Roosevelt plan to provide arms to democracies • “Send guns, not sons” or “Billions, not bodies” • America, the “arsenal of democracy” • One of the most momentous laws ever to pass • Basically, an economic declaration of war ($50 B) • Ended isolationism, abandoned neutrality pretense • Results of lend-lease • U.S. factories for all-out war production • Prepared U.S. for direct fighting

  27. Map 34-2 p792

  28. XV. Charting a New World • The fall of France, June 1940 • Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union, June 1941 • Atlantic Charter August 1941 • Churchill and Roosevelt (Later Stalin) • Stated war aims

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  30. XVI. U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s U-boats Clash • U.S. warship escorted freighters to Britain • Roosevelt proclaimed a shoot-on-sight policy • Destroyer Reuben James torpedoed by U-boat

  31. XVII. Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor • Japan a formal military ally of Nazi Germany • Japan and American relations weren’t good • Late 1940, U.S. placed embargo on Japan • Mid-1941 U.S. froze Japan’s assets • U.S. negotiations with Japan (Nov-Dec 1941) • Pearl Harbor attack- December 7, 1941 • FDR – a date “which will live in infamy,” • U.S. Declared war on Japan

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  33. XVIII. America’s Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent • Japan’s gamble paid off only in the short run • Reason’s for U.S. entry into WW II • Didn’t want Britain to fall • Wanted democracy in Europe • Wished to halt Japan’s conquests in the Far East • Revenge after Pearl Harbor

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