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ReHanshae Harvey 1 st Block Nov. 14, 2008

The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1815. ReHanshae Harvey 1 st Block Nov. 14, 2008. Section 1. The French Revolution Begins.

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ReHanshae Harvey 1 st Block Nov. 14, 2008

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  1. The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1815 ReHanshae Harvey 1st Block Nov. 14, 2008

  2. Section 1 The FrenchRevolution Begins

  3. In the 1700s, France was considered the most advanced country of Europe. It had a large population and a prosperous foreign trade. It was the center of the Enlightenment, and France's culture was widely praised and imitated by the rest of the world.

  4. The French Revolution BeginsThe Old Order • In the 1700’s the Old Regime stayed in place. • Old Regime is the social and political system of France • This system divided France into three estates.

  5. The Privileged Estates The Old Order The French Revolution Begins • There were only two privileged estates. • These estates had: • Access to high offices • Exemptions from paying taxes

  6. The Privileged Estates The Old Order The French Revolution Begins • The first estate consisted of the clergy from the Roman Catholic Church. • They owned 10% of the land in France. • This estate provided: • Education • Relief services to the poor.

  7. The Privileged Estates The Old Order The French Revolution Begins • The second estate was made up of the rich nobles. • Only 2% of the population, the nobles owned 20% of the land. • They rarely paid taxes

  8. The Third EstateThe Old Order The French Revolution Begins • This estate contains 97% of the population. • This estate is divided further into 3 other groups: • Bourgeoisie • Urban workers • Peasants

  9. The Third EstateThe Old Order The French Revolution Begins • The bourgeoisie or middle class included: • Bankers • Factory owners • Merchants • Professionals • Skilled artisans • They were well educated • They paid high taxes • They also lacked privileges

  10. The Third EstateThe Old Order The French Revolution Begins • The urban workers included: • Trades people • Apprentices • Laborers • Domestic servants • They were paid low wages • They were frequently out of work • Some often went hungry

  11. The Third EstateThe Old Order The French Revolution Begins • The peasants formed the largest group within the third estate. • They paid half of their earnings to: • Nobles • Tithes • Taxes • Peasants resented the first two estates because of their special privileges.

  12. The Forces of ChangeThe French Revolution Begins In addition to the growing resentment among the lower classes, other factors contributed to the revolutionary mood in France. Which were: • New ideas about government • Serious economic problems • Weak and indecisive leadership

  13. Enlightenment IdeasThe Forces of ChangeThe French Revolution Begins • New views were spreading among the Third Estate. • Members became inspired by the American Revolution. • They began to demand: • Equality • Liberty • Democracy

  14. Economic TroublesThe Forces of ChangeThe French Revolution Begins • By the 1780s, France began to decline. • The economy appeared to be sound. • France wasn’t able to conduct business. • The cost of living was rising. • France’s government fell into debt.

  15. A Weak LeaderThe Forces of ChangeThe French Revolution Begins • Louis XVI was indecisive • He paid little attention to his government advisors • He put off dealing with the government’s debt until there wasn’t a lot of money.

  16. Dawn of the RevolutionThe French Revolution Begins • The clergy and the nobles had dominated the Estates-General throughout the middle ages. Under the assembly’s medieval rules: • Each state’s delegates met in a separate hall to vote • Each state had one vote

  17. The National AssemblyDawn of the RevolutionThe French Revolution Begins • The estate delegates were eager to make change in the government. • The third estate start calling themselves the National Assembly. • On June 17, 1789, the national assembly was official. Also known as the first act of revolution. • National Assembly passed laws and reforms.

  18. Storming the BastilleDawn of the RevolutionThe French Revolution Begins • Louis XVI was intent on using military force to dismiss the National Assembly. • People began to gather weapons in order to defend the city against attacks. • On July 4, a mob stormed into Bastille. • Searched for gunpowder • Seized control of the building • Killed prison commander and several guards • The fall of Bastille became a great symbolic act of Revolution.

  19. A Great Fear Sweeps FranceThe French Revolution Begins • Before long, rebellion spread from Paris to the countryside. • Outlaws terrorized the peasants. • A wave of senseless panic called the Great Fear rolled through France. • Peasants feeling like there isn’t anything else to do, • Broke into noble’s manors • Destroyed old documents

  20. Section 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

  21. Peasants were not the only members of French society to feel the Great fear. Nobles and officers of the church were equally afraid. Through out France, bands of angry peasants struck out against members of the upper classes, attacking and destroying many manor houses.

  22. Revolutions Brings Reform and TerrorThe Assembly Reforms France Throughout the night of 8/ 4/ 1789, noblemen made grand speeches, declaring their love of liberty and equality.

  23. The Rights of ManThe Assembly Reforms FranceRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • Three weeks later, the national Assembly adopted a statement of revolutionary ideals. • The Declaration of the Rights of Man stated that “men are born free and remain free and equal in rights.” • Men rights included liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. • Revolutionary leaders slogan was liberty, equality, fraternity.

  24. A State-Controlled Church The Assembly Reforms FranceRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • National Assembly took church land. • They paid priests as state officials • The Catholic Church lost land and political independence. • The Assembly sold the land to pay off France’s huge debt.

  25. Louis Tries to Escape The Assembly Reforms FranceRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • National assembly restructured the relationship with the church. • Louis XVI pondered his fate as a monarch. • June 1791, the royal family tried to escape to the Austrian Netherlands. • They were caught and returned to Paris under some supervision.

  26. Divisions DevelopRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • For two years, the national assembly argued over a new constitution for France. • By 1791, the delegates had made significant changes in France’s government and society.

  27. A Limited MonarchyDivisions DevelopRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • The national assembly finishes the constitution in 1791. • The constitution • Created a limited monarchy • Stripped the king of most of his authority • Created a new legislative body called the Legislative Assembly • The legislative assembly had the power to create laws and accept or reject ideas of war.

  28. Factions Split FranceDivisions DevelopRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • There was a new government but there were old problems. • Food shortages • Government debt remained • The legislative assembly was split into 3 general groups: • Radicals • Moderates • Conservatives • Émigrés, nobles, and others hoped to undo the revolution and restore the old Regime

  29. War and Execution Revolutions Brings Reform and Terror • Monarchs and nobles in many European countries watched the changes taking place in France with alarm. • They feared that similar revolts might break out in their own countries.

  30. French at WarWar and ExecutionRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • The war began badly for the French. • On August 10, about 20,000 men and women invaded the Tuileries. • The mob massacred the royal guards and imprisoned the royal family. • The French troops that were defending Paris were sent to reinforces the French army in the field. • The king supporters planned to breakout and take over the city. • For several days in early September, angry citizens raided the prisons and murdered over 100,000 prisoners

  31. French at WarWar and ExecutionRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • The legislative assembly set aside the constitution of 1791. • It declared the king deposed, dissolved the assembly, and called for the election for a new legislature. • This new governing body, the National Convention, took office on September 21. • The convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.

  32. Jacobins Take ControlWar and ExecutionRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • Most of the people involved in the governmental changes were members of a radical political organization, the Jacobin Club. • The national convention had reduced the power of the king to that of a common citizen. • On January 21, 1793, the former king was beheaded by a machine called the guillotine.

  33. The war continuesWar and ExecutionRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • The national convention also had to contend with the war with Austria and Prussia. • the French army won a stunning victory against the Austrians and Prussians at the battle of Valmy. • Great Britain, Holland , and Spain joined Prussia and Austria. • The convention ordered a draft of 300,000 French citizens. • The army has grown to 800,000 in 1794

  34. The Terror Grips FranceRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • Foreign armies were not the only enemies of the French republic. • These included peasants who were horrified by the king’s execution, and rival leaders who were stirring up rebellion in the provinces.

  35. Robespierre Assumes Control The Terror Grips FranceRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • In the early months of 1793, Maximilien Robespierre slowly gained power. • He wanted to erase all of France’s past. • He also changed the calendars. • Divided the year into 12 months and renamed them. • Took out all of the Sundays. • He became leader of the Committee of Public Safety. • He was considered a dictator and the period of his reign is called the Reign of Terror.

  36. Robespierre Assumes Control The Terror Grips FranceRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • During 1793 and 1794, the people that led the Revolution were executed. • Thousands of unknown people were sent to death. • 40,000 were executed during the reign of terror. • About 85% were the people ho benefited from the Revolution.

  37. End of TerrorRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • In July 1794, many members of the national convention turned on Robespierre. • They wanted him arrested and executed. • Robespierre died on July 28 1794 and the phrase “the French Revolution” died along with him. • The national convention drafted a new plan of government.

  38. End of TerrorRevolutions Brings Reform and Terror • The new government placed power in the hands of the upper middle class. • The new form of government had: • a two house legislature • a directory: executive body of five men

  39. Section 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire

  40. Napoleon Forges an Empire Napoleon Bonaparte would come to be recognized as one of the world’s greatest military geniuses. In only four years, from 1795 to 1799, Napoleon rose from a relatively obscure position as an officer in the French army to become master of France.

  41. Napoleon Seizes PowerNapoleon Forges an Empire • Napoleon Bonapartewas born in 1769 on the Mediterranean island of Corsica. • When he was nine years old, his parents sent him to a military school. • In 1785, he finished school and became a lieutenant in the artillery. • When the Revolution broke out, Napoleon joined the army of the new government.

  42. Hero of the HourNapoleon Seizes powerNapoleon Forges an Empire • In October 1795, fate handed Napoleon a chance for glory. • He had to defend delegates. • Royalists rebels marched on the National Convention. • Napoleon and gunners met the rebels with a cannonade.

  43. Hero of the HourNapoleon Seizes powerNapoleon Forges an Empire • The Rebels fled. • Napoleon was considered the Hero of the Hour • He protected the French Republic. • In 1796, Napoleon was appointed to lead the French Army.

  44. Coup d'étatNapoleon Seizes powerNapoleon Forges an Empire • By 1799, the Directory had lost control of the political situation. • Napoleon took the title of first consul and assumed the powers of a dictator. • A sudden seizure of power like Napoleon’s is known as a coup; from the French phrase coup d’étator “blow to the state.”

  45. Napoleon Rules FranceNapoleon Forges an Empire • Napoleon pretended to be the constitutionally chosen leader of a free republic. • In 1800, a plebiscite was held to approve a new constitution. • Desperate for strong leadership, the people voted overwhelmingly in favor of the constitution. • This gave all real power to Napoleon as first consul.

  46. Restoring order at homeNapoleon Rules FranceNapoleon Forges an Empire • He supported laws that strengthened the central government and achieved some goals of the Revolution. • Napoleon set up an efficient method of tax collection and established a national banking system.

  47. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor Napoleon Rules FranceNapoleon Forges an Empire • In 1804, Napoleon decided to make himself emperor. • He took the crown from the pope and placed it on his own head. • Napoleon signaled that he was more powerful than the Church

  48. Napoleon Creates an EmpireNapoleon Forges an Empire • Napoleon wanted to control the rest of Europe and to reassert French power in the Americas. • He wanted Louisiana, Florida, French Guiana, and the French West Indies

  49. Loss of American TerritoriesNapoleon Creates an EmpireNapoleon Forges an Empire • A civil war erupted, and enslaved Africans under the leadership of L’Ouverture seized control of the colony. • Napoleon decided to take back the colony and restore its productive sugar industry. • Napoleon decided to cut his losses in the Americas. • He sold all of the Louisiana Territory to the United States.

  50. Conquering EuropeNapoleon Creates an EmpireNapoleon Forges an Empire • The British persuaded Russia, Austria, and Sweden to join them against France. • Napoleon’s battlefield successes forced the rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia to sign peace treaties. • These successes also enabled him to build the largest European empire since that of the Romans.

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