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WORLD WAR II: Threats to World Peace

WORLD WAR II: Threats to World Peace. 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact International peace Made war “illegal” Japan i/t Pacific Italy in Ethiopia Civil War in Spain 1936 Axis Powers formed Anti-Comintern Treaty 1938 Austria annexed. The Road to War (1938). Germany first took Austria

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WORLD WAR II: Threats to World Peace

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  1. WORLD WAR II: Threats to World Peace • 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact • International peace • Made war “illegal” • Japan i/t Pacific • Italy in Ethiopia • Civil War in Spain • 1936 Axis Powers formed • Anti-Comintern Treaty • 1938 Austria annexed

  2. The Road to War (1938) • Germany first took Austria • Sudetenland annexed next • Czechoslovakia: German protectorate • What did the three above have in common? • ________________________ • Munich Pact/Conference • Purpose? ________________ • APPEASEMENT • UK’s Chamberlain declared: “peace in our time” • Which countries were represented?

  3. The NAZI-SOVIET Pact (1939) • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact • E. Europe spheres of influence • W. Poland to Germany • Polish Corridor • Polish access to Danzig • Baltics & E. Poland to USSR • Sept., 1, 1939: Nazi invasion of Poland • World War IIbegins!!! • BLITZKRIEG: “lightning war”

  4. Hitler’s NEW ORDER • Jun ’41: breaks the Nazi-USSR non-aggression pact • Hitler calls for: • 1 European political & economic system • FASCISM • “Aryan race” • supply food & resources • Slavs: racially inferior

  5. Hitler’s FINAL SOLUTION • Answer t/t “Jewish Question” • The HOLOCAUST • The annihilation of all European Jews • zeal o/t minority of Germans • passivity o/t majority • Concentration Camps • “protective custody” • Germany: Dachau & Buchenwald • Poland: Auschwitz & Treblinka (extermination camps) • Slavs, Gypsies and homosexuals were also victims • No less than 6 million Jews were killed

  6. Atlantic Charter • August 1941: FDR & Churchill publicly announce their national policies • 8 Provisions: • pg. 725 • Meeting in Wash., DC Jan 42 • 26 nations attended • Total War • Not to sign separate peace treaties • Abide by Atlantic Charter

  7. Battle for the Seas • Atlantic Ocean • Spring ’43: Allies control the Atlantic • Convoys • Sonar detects subs • Most German cities bombed • Pacific Ocean • Battle of Coral Sea • saves Australia • Battle of Midway • Island Hopping • Aug. ’42: Guadalcanal • First invasion of Japanese held territory • Battle of Okinawa • 12,500 Americans KIA • 110,000 Japanese KIA • Hiroshima & Nagasaki Amphibious Assaults Battle of Iwo Jima

  8. Important Battles • January 1943: German’s surrender at Stalingrad • May 1943: German’s surrender in N. Africa • “soft belly o/t Axis” • Italy (July ’43) Sicily • Mussolini resigns • Badoglio new premier • Dissolved Fascist gov’t • Cease fire Mussolini shot & hung by own people

  9. Victory in Europe • OPERATION OVERLORD • 6 June ’44: D-DAY • invasion of NORMANDY • largest amphibious assault in history • “second front” for USSR • US v. USSR • Who would get to Berlin first? • drive from the east • drive from the west • Battle of the Bulge (Dec. ’44) • 50 ml wedge into Allied lines • 10 day battle • 600,000 Americans involved • 80,000 American KIA • 100,000 Germans KIA • Nazi’s recognized defeat • V-E Day (May 8, 1945) • V-J Day (Sept. 2, 1945) • Aug 6, 1945: Hiroshima • Aug 9, 1945: Nagasaki

  10. YALTA (Feb. ’45) • The Big Three • FDR, Churchill and Stalin meet • Germany will be divided • Liberated Europe will be able to have elections • USSR would enter war against Japan • receive Japanese territory • POTSDAM (July ’45) • Truman now US pres • Clement Attlee now PM of UK • Ultimatum to Japan

  11. Costs of WWII • 22 million soldiers KIA • 34 million soldiers WIA • USSR: 7-11 million dead • Germany: 3.5 mil KIA soldiers • Japan: 2 million KIA total • Europe: 16 mil civilians KIA • Millionsssssss of Refugees • Bombing and killing of civilians simply became a war strategy

  12. Post-World War II • Nuremberg Trials (1945-49) • De-Nazification • Nazi party illegal • Nazi leaders being held accountable for horrors o/t war • Crimes Against Humanity • 22 charges • 12 death sentences • 7 life imprisonments • 3 acquittals • Allied Control Council • Allied occupation of Germany • demilitarize Germany • reparations • future borders • East German refugees flood West Germany • East & West Germany

  13. Origins of the COLD WAR • The BerlinBlockade led to the Berlin Airlift • Germany is divided • Beginning of the COLD WAR • Truman Doctrine ‘47 • spread of communism is a threat to democracy • US policy to stop • Containment policy • Marshall Plan’48-’52 • Euro. Recovery Program • $13 billion for rebuilding • COMINFORM • Communism Information Bureau • opposed Truman & Marshall plans • threat to communism

  14. COLD WAR Divisions

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